Carboxylic Acids and Derivates
11 important questions on Carboxylic Acids and Derivates
How does a nucleophilic acyl substitution take place?
A nucleophil can attack the C of the acyl, leading to formation of a Y leaving group.
Y can be OR, NR2 or Cl
How can carboxylic acids be converted into chlorides?
treatmeant with SOCl2 (the C attackts the S, loses HCl which dissociates and attackts the C)
How can carboxylic acids be converted into acid anhydrides?
Two molecules of the acid form the anhydride at high temperature and lose a H2O
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How can carboxylic acids be converted into esters?
Fischer esterification
A H from HCl taken up by the free O, so the O from an alcohol can attack the C. The H from the alcohol is then taken by the OH group from the acid and the first added H is taken by water.
How are acid halides converted into Acids?
Hydrolysis (water removes group)
How are acid halides converted into anhydrides?
nucleophilic acyl substitution of the acid chloride with an carboxylate anion
How are acid halides converted into esters?
alcoholysis (replacement by an alcohol)
How are acid halides converted into amides?
Aminolysis
How are acid chlorides converted into alcohols?
Reduction with an "hydride ion"
How can acid anhydrides be converted into esters?
they react with alcohols to form esters
How are acid anhydrides converted into amides?
One of its C's can be bound to the N of an NH2 group
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