Individual behavior and processes
75 important questions on Individual behavior and processes
What are the four factors that directly influence individual behavior and performance?
- motivation
- ability
- role perception
- situation
What are the five factors of the Five Factor Model?
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
- Openness to experience
- Neuroticism
- Extraversion
What happens if one of the MARS-factors is not present?
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
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What are the issues of the Five Factor Model?
- High isn't always better
- Specific traits may be better predictors
- Personality isn't static
- It does not cover all of personality
How do we call the forces within a person that affect his direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior?
What are the best personality indicators of proficiency?
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
Which type of motivation is described; otherwise i would feel ashamed and guilty.
Which type of motivation is described; i think it's and important goal to strive for.
Which type of motivation is described; i enjoy attaining this goal.
Moral intensity is higher when:
- The stakes are higher
- Probability of an outcome is higher
- There are many people involved
Of which three components does motivation consist?
- direction; motivation is goal-related
- intensity; amount of effort
- persistence; amount of discipline, duration that the individual continues
Someone's moral sensitivity is higher when:
- Expertise of norms and rules
- Previous experience
- Empathy
- High self-view as a moral person
- Mindfulness
How do we call the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task?
What are the four ethic principles?
- Utilitarianism
- Individual rights
- Distributive Justice
- Ethic of Care
How do we call natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform better?
How do we call characteristics of a person that result in superior performance?
What are the problems of utilitarianism?
Hard to measure
How do we call the degree to which a person understands the job duties assigned to or expected of him?
In what three forms does role clarity consist?
- understanding what duties they're responsible for
- understanding the priority of different tasks. (what is more important)
- understanding the preferred behaviors and procedures while accomplishing tasks.
What is Distributive Justice?
What are the two main influences of the situation on individual behavior and performance?
- the work context constraints or facilitates behavior and performance (lack of time, money, and facilities)
- situations provide cues that guide and motivate people. (warning signs)
What is the problem of Distributive Justice?
Which types of individual work behaviors are there?
- task performance
- organizational citizenship behaviors
- counterproductive work behaviors
- joining and staying with the organization
- maintaining work attendance
What is the Ethic of Care?
Which type of individual behavior in the workplace is described; the individual’s voluntary goal-directed behaviors that contribute to organizational objectives.
What is the Dark Triad?
- Machiavellianism
- Narcisism
- Psychopathy
Which types of task performance are there?
- proficient task performance
- adaptive task performance
- proactive task performance.
What are the consequences of the Dark Triad?
- Organizational Politics
- Counterproductive work behaviour
How do we call task performance that refers to performing work efficiently and accurately?
What are the different cultural values?
- Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Power distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Achievement vs. Nurturing Orientation
How do we call task performance that refers to how well employees modify their thoughts and behavior to align with and support a new or changing environment?
How do we call task performance that refers to how well employees take initiative to anticipate and introduce new work patterns that benefit the organization?
What does self-enhancement consist out of?
- Hedonism
- Achievement
- Power
What does self-transcendence consist out of?
- Universalism
- Benevolence
What does conservation consist out of?
- Security
- Tradition
- Conformity
Which type of individual behavior in the workplace is described; the saving of human capital.
What does Openness to Change consist out of?
- Self-direction
- Stimulation
- Hedonism
Which type of individual behavior in the workplace is described; job performing at scheduled times
How do values motivate our actions?
- Shaping the valance of our choices
- Framing our perception
- There is a motivation to act consistently with our values
how do we call a relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics?
Why do people not act consistently with their values?
- Situational factors
- Not actively thinking about them
P.how do we call patterns of actions and behaviors in daily lives?
What dimension of the five-factor model do people score high on if they tend to be;
organized,
dependable,
goal-focused,
thorough,
disciplined,
methodical,
industrious?
What dimension of the five-factor model do people score high on if they tend to be;
trusting,
helpful
good-natured
considerate
tolerant
selfless
generous
flexible
What dimension of the five-factor model do people score high on if they tend to be;
anxious
insecure
self-conscious
depressed
temperamental
What dimension of the five-factor model do people score high on if they tend to be;
imaginative
creative
unconventional
curious
nonconforming
autonomous
perceptive
What dimension of the five-factor model do people score high on if they tend to be;
outgoing
talkative
energetic
sociable
assertive
What are the scores on the big five model of personality dimensions of an employee who shows adaptive task performance?
Order the five personality dimensions from best to worst when it comes to predicting proficient task performance.
What are the ten value categories in Schwartz’s values circumplex?
- universalism
- benevolence
- tradition
- conformity
- security
- power
- achievement
- hedonism
- stimulation
- self-direction.
in which quadrants are the 10 value categories of Schwartz’s values circumplex further divided?
- openness to change
- self-transcendence
- conservation
- self-enhancement
Which quadrant of Schwartz’s values circumplex refers to the extend to which a person is motivated to pursue innovative ways?
which quadrant of Schwartz’s values circumplex refers to the extend to which a person is motivated to preserve the status quo?
Which quadrant of Schwartz’s values circumplex refers to how much a person is motivated by self-interest?
Which quadrant of Schwartz’s values circumplex refers to the extend of motivation a person has to promote the welfare of others and nature?
What are the ways personal values influence decisions and behaviors?
- values directly motivate our actions by shaping relative attractiveness of the choices available
- values indirectly motivate our behavior by framing our perceptions of reality
- we are motivated to act consistently with our self-concept and public self-representation.
What are the reasons for a disconnect between personal values, and individual behavior that sometimes occurs?
- the situation influences relative attractiveness of our choices available.
- strong counter motivational forces
- we don’t actively think about them often.
How do we call the extend of similarity between one person’s values hierarchy to another person’s?
How do we call the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles?
What are the three distinct types of ethical principles?
- utilitarianism
- individual rights
- distributive justice
Which distinct type of ethical principle is described;
seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Which distinct type of ethical principle is described;
everyone has the same set of natural rights.
Which distinct type of ethical principle is described; benefits and burdens of similar people should be the same, otherwise they should be proportional. (do less work, get less reward)
Along with ethical principles, which factors influence ethical conduct in the workplace?
- moral intensity
- moral sensitivity
- situational influences.
How do we call the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles?
Which factors influence the moral intensity?
- the ammount of consequences of the decision
- wether people will support your decision, and what the mass thinks and if those thoughts are morally correct.
- the probablities that consequences of your decision occur
- the amount of people affected by your decision.
How do we call extend to which the ability to recognize the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance is present in a person?
Which factors are associated with a person's moral sensitivity?
- expertise or knowledge of prescriptive norms and rules.
- previous experience with moral dilemmas
- degree of ability to empathize
- self-concept; people who define themselves by their moral charcter or identity, pay more attention to moral dilemmas
- mindfulness
How do we call a person's recptive and impartial attention and awareness to the present situation as well as to one's own emotions and feelings in that moment?
How do situational factors influence ethical conduct?
How do companies maintain ethical conduct?
- ethical codes; statements of desired behaviors and conducts
- training and evaluation of knowledge about ethical conduct of employees
How do we call a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong, and group harmony?
How do we call a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize reluctancy (onwilligheid) to disagree with the boss, sense of dependence on the boss, unequal distribution of power?
How do we call a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize prefering predicatble situations, stable employment and strict rules.
How do we call a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize focus on outcomes, decisions based on contribution. low empathy. competitive relations with others
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