Summary: Origins Of Human Anatomy And Physiology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Origins of human anatomy and physiology

• 1 Week 1

• 1.1.1 Reading

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• Describe natural selection

  Advantageous traits are retained, disadvantageous traits disappear

• What is stabilizing selection

  Process that produces equilibrium state

• Give the three principles of Darwin's scheme (units of selection Lewontin)

  1. Different individuals in population have different morphology, physiology and behavior -> phenotypic variation
  2. Different phenotypes have different survival and reproduction rates in different environments -> differential fitness
  3. Correlation parents and offspring in contribution to future generations -> fitness = heritable

• 1.1.3 Videos

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• Name the three conditions necessary for natural selection

  Variation
  Selection: organisms with advantageous trait leave more offspring
  Heritability

• What is sexual selection and name the 2 types

  (most of the time) Females select males with conspicuous features to mate with or features that help it beat other males
  
  Conspicuous features -> intersexual selection
  Beating other males (antlers, beetle jaws) -> intrasexual selection

• 2 Week 2

• 2.1 Primates Powerpoint 1

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• Give the scientific names of Humans, gorillas, bonobos, chimpanzees and orangutans

  Humans: homo sapiens
  Gorilla: gorilla gorilla
  Bonobo: pan paniscus
  Chimp: pan troglodytes
  Orangutan: pongo pygmaeus

• Describe and give examples of homology and analogy

  Homology: closely related species can have similar morphology because of shared traits through common ancestor
  Examples: limbs in humans, cats, whales, bats
  Analogy: natural selection favours similar adaptations in similar environments
  Example: wings of bird, moth, butterfly

• Name features of the order primates (9 in total) (+ caveats)

  Prehensility: big toe and thumb opposable (big toe not opposable in humans)
  Flat nails on hand & feet instead of claws
  Tactile pads with 'fingerprints' on fingers and toes
  Hind-limb dominated locomotion, center of gravity near hind limbs than forelimbs
  Olfactory apparatus unspecialized + reduced in diurnal primates
  Visual sense highly developed. Eyes large and moved forward -> stereoscopic vision
  Small litters, gestation + juvenile periods longer than other mammals
  Brain larger than similarly sized animals
  Unspecialized molars, max. 2 incisors on each half jaw
  
  Not all primates have these traits & traits not exclusive to primates
  (dolphins -> large brains)
  (strepsirrhines -> claws on fingers and toes)

• How is opposition of the thumb possible

  Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

• What are fingerprints also called (+ who have them, function)

  Dermaglyphs
  All primates
  Gripping, tactile sensation