Summary: Parasites

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• 1 college

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• What is the definition of a parasite?

  An organism that lives in or on and takes its nourishment from another organism – it cannot live (reproduce) independently.

• How does schistosoma cause chronic illness in humans?

  It is a worm that can survive in humans for decades. The eggs are released in the stools and urine, but most of the eggs get stuck in ‘dead-end’ organs

• 2 literatuur

• Describe the life cycle of malaria

  Sporozoites in salivary glands of mosquito - bite - sporozoites go to liver - merozoites - merozoites go to erythrocytes - more meroizoites in the cycle and thropozoites - gametocytes - bite - fertilizaton in mid-gut of mosquito - sporozoites

• 3 werkgroep

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• What is the initial destination of malaria in the human body?

  Liver

• Where and how does multiplication of malaria take place?

  After several rounds of cell divisions in the liver cells, new parasite forms called merozoites are released into the bloodstream, where they invade erythrocytes. Merozoites subsequently develop into ring, trophozoite, and schizont stage parasites. After completion of the blood stage cycle (48 h) new daughter cells (merozoites) are released that rapidly invade noninfected erythrocytes. The female Anopheles mosquitos then suck up gametocytes during a blood meal. A new round of growth and multiplication in the mosquito starts.

• What is the process of transmission from host to vector and from vector to host for malaria?

  A human (the host) gets injected with sporozoites when the female Anopheles mosquito (the vector) takes a blood meal. A female Anopheles mosquito picks the gametocytes op during a blood meal from a infected human.

• What is the pathology that can be caused by malaria?

  Anemia; inflammation in blood, gives fever and influences cytokines; cerebral malaria: trough circulation to the brain, can cross blood/brain barrier; splenomegaly; headache; muscle pain and fatigue; nausea and vomiting

• Which stage(s) of development of malaria is(are) responsible for the pathology?

  Merozoites: maturation of the parasite

• Through which mechanisms does pathology for malaria occur?

  ­The parasites infect erythrocytes, resulting in sequestration of trophozoite and schizont stages in the deep vasculature. The blood stage causes chronic infections using antigenic variation and are responsible for all malaria symptoms. Red blood cells are lysed by multiplicated merozoites. Red blood cells are cleared by the spleen, so it is enlarged.

• What is the name of the developmental stage of schistosome?

  Cercariae