Articles - T gondii
13 important questions on Articles - T gondii
Explain which host cells are infected, and how T. gondii invades and disseminates in the host cell (e.g. intra/extracellular? type of cells; figure 1). Explain the biological characteristics of the parasite as is explained during the life cycle session.
How does the parasite invade the host?
RONs (2,4,5) are secreted from the rhoprty neck to help mediate a moving junction.
ROPs are secreted from the bulb into the host cell cytosol and go the the nucleus (ROP16) and the surface of the PV (ROP2,5,18).
The PV cannot fuse with endosomes and lysosomes and also recrutes host mitochondria to the PV to get nutrients.
After multiple rounds of mytotic division, daughter parasites begin the invade neighbouring cells.
What does the extensive modification of the PV suggest?
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How are the lineages distributed around the world?
In South America more diverse, which suggests more sexual recombination.
What is the first response of the immune system during an infection? Part a
Also, T gondii profilin interacts with TLR11 of DC, which stimulates IL-12 production.
Which innate and adaptive effectors are involved? Part b
CD4+ and CD8+ (adaptive) also produce IFNy
IL-10 and IL-27 modulate these pathways and prevent the overproduction of Th1 type cytokines
How does the parasite control in a monocyte/marcophage work? Part c
STAT1 activity makes macrophages and monocytes upregulate their production of NO and ROS.
NO and ROS contribute to the control of intracellular parasites.
INFy also upregulates IRGs (rupture PV) and GBPs (control), whose functions depend on autophagy protein 5 ATG5
In which 2 ways does the parasite alter host signalling/evase the immune system?
2. Upregulation of anti-inflammatory pathways, including those involving SOC1, SOC3 and STAT3
Why can killing not be activited by the macrophages?
These signals are TNF and CD40, which both use the NF-kB signaling pathway.
In which strains is ROP16 present?
Which strain is only present in type 3 strains and what does it do?
What does GRA15 do? And in which strain(s)?
Only in strain 2
Summarize the scheme with virulence factors per strain
ROP 5: Yes, no, no
ROP 16: yes, no, yes
GRA 15: no, yes, no
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