Indtoduction - Schistosoma
15 important questions on Indtoduction - Schistosoma
Which 3 syndromes can schistosoma cause?
1. Chronic schistosomiasis, caused by inflammatory response to eggs in tissue or organs. You can have urinary or intestinal schistosomiasis.
2. Cercarial dermatitis, rash.
3. Acute schistosomiasis/Katayama fever, due to maturation of schistosomolae and onset of egg production.
Which methods of diagnosis are there?
2. Immunological: antigens/antibodies
3. Molecular: PCR of DNA
4. Indirect/imaging: pathology (dipstick for microhaemauria and ultrasound)
How did the geographical distribution of the different species change?
2. Movement of people (refugees, migration to cities and towns, travellers)
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How does the age-related pattern work?
2. Sowly acquired immunity: children non-immune and become infected, adults gradually acquire immunity
3. Innate age-related resistance: skin thickness/properties / hormones?
What are 3 major factors that are responsible for maintaining transmission?
2. Human contact with water infested with cercariae
3. Presence of snail host
What are main risk groups?
2. Special occupational groups, such as fishermen, irrigation workers, farmers
3. Females and other groups using water for domestic purposes
What are the 5 control/prevention measures.
2. Health education
3. Safe water supply
4. Adequate sanitation
5. Chemotherapy
How can the snails be controlled?
Remove plant on which snails sit, helps a little, easily done, weekly by community
2. Biological control (predators or competitor snails)
Introduction of competing snail species, fish that eat snal of plants that are toxic for snails
3. Chemical or plant molluscicides
effective vut toxic
How can health education be effective?
What does WASH stand for and what are disadvantages?
It is expensive and hard
Why is treatment the main method of morbidity control?
1. All species
2. Single dose
3. Safe
4. Effective
5. Relatively inexpensive
However, only praziquantel is effective and there is a lot of MDA so there are worries of resistance
How can artesimin derivates be useful?
2. Can be used for acute schistosomiasis, or as prophylactic in endemic areas
However, since it is malaria medication, you should not use it in malaria endemic areas.
What is the WHO integrated control?
Examples: LF, oncocerciasis, schisto, trachoma, STHs
What is the minimal package for control of schisto + STH?
2. Regular treatment of school aged children
3. Targeting other high risk groups
Optimal
4. Improved access to safe water and sanitation
5. Improved hygiene behavior through health education
How does preventative chemotherapy work?
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