Arrythmias
21 important questions on Arrythmias
What part of the action potential of cardiomyocytes makes it ideal for muscle contraction?
What is the difference between the two phases in refractory periods?
- Relative Refractory Period (RRP): only large stimuli will create an action potential
Influx and efflux of which ions occur during the action potential?
2. Slow Ca2+ influx
3. Slow K+ efflux
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How does the (slow) Ca2+ influx result in contraction?
- CICR happens (Calcium-induced Calcium release)
- The Ca2+ binds to troponin
- Troponin changes shape and causes tropomyosin from moving from the binding sites
- Actin and myosin bind: power stroke (cell shortening)
After the power stroke, how does the muscle contraction end?
Where is the eletrical signal in the heart generated, and how does it travel trough the heart?
In what part of this system does the delay take place, where can this delay be seen in the ECG, and why is this delay significant?
- which is visible in the PR segment of the ECG.
- This delay is important, because it ensures the atria have ejected all the blood in the ventricles, before the ventricles start to contract.
What does the QRS complex, and the T-wave in the ECG represent?
T: repolarization of the ventricles
What two problems detected in an ECG are characterized by a regular rythm?
- Tachycardia: pulse > 110
What two pathologies are characterized by an irregular rythm?
- Ventricular fibrillation
What is atrial fibrillation characterized by?
- irregular conduction through AV node,
- irregular RR interval
(-no P wave)
What are the characteristics of ventricular fibrillation?
- a shock is needed
What is often given to people with high risk of life-threatening arrythmias like ventricular fibrillation?
What are three major conduction disorders?
- long QT syndrome
- ST elevation
What are the three degrees of AV block?
Second degree: Some signals are not passed on to the ventricle
Third degree: No conduction through AV node
What is often given to people with second or third degree AV block?
What is long QT syndrome caused by?
What is done as a treatment for myocardial infarction?
Can hypertension be detected by an ECG?
How can (ventricular) hypertrophy be detected on an ECG?
How can hypertrophy be physiological?
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