Vascular system & hypertension (small vessels)
21 important questions on Vascular system & hypertension (small vessels)
What is the function of the large arteries, smaller arteries and arterioles?
What part of the vascular system has the heighest blood volume, and why?
- to have a reserve in case of bleeding (so your blood pressure does not drop that much immediately)
What is remarkable about the blood pressure of a giraffe, and why is this the case?
- because above the heart (also in humans) the blood pressure is lower (because of gravity), and this effect is really severe in the giraffe.
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What happens with the blood pressure in space?
What blood pressure values are called hypertension?
- higher than 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure.
For what diseases is hypertension a risk factor?
- myocardial infarction,
- stroke.
Also
- kidney diseases,
- cognitive decline in aging.
Which organs determine blood pressure?
- blood vessels (via resistance),
- kidneys (determine blood volume),
- heart.
What is meant by vascular resistance?
- R = n * L / r^4
n = blood viscosity
L = vessel length
r = vessel radius
so narrowing of vaculature is a VERY important factor for resistance: relevant for hypertensive patients
Why is resistance not dominated by the capillaries, since these have the smallest diameter?
How does hypertension relate to the dynamics of vascular diameter?
What does hypertension cause to the blood vessels?
- which results in less dilatory factors and more constricting factors.
- This causes vessels to constrict,
- which causes the resistance to become larger, and this increases the blood pressure even more (= vicious cycle)
The restriction of blood vessels instead of dilation is counter-intuitive and it also makes the situation worse.
How are these changes to endothelial function called, and what can these changes cause in the long run?
- Functional changes can cause remodeling in the long run, which means that vessel restriction is structural and more permanent.
What has been changed in remodelled vessels, and what can this cause on the longer term?
- which is associated with higher risk on events like strokes.
What are five possible ways of treating hypertension?
- Calcium channel blockers (causes vasodilation)
- Diuretics (reduction in volume)
- Beta-blockers (reduce cardiac output)
- Lower salt intake (reduction in volume)
How can blood pressure be measured in rats?
- Tail cuff method
- Pressure transducer (by catheterization)
- Telemetric (implanted sensor)
What has been found in the heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)
- which causes a higher blood pressure because higher heart rate means a higher cardiac output (important factor for blood pressure)
What has been found in the pulsations of the carotid arteries?
What differences have been found between hypertensive rats that get hypertensive drugs (beta-blocker, vasodilator) and other hypertensive rats?
- and also the relaxation of the endothelial cells is lower when stimulated (= endothelial function is lower)
- The diameter of the vessels is also lower in hypertensive rats without drugs.
As seen before, the pulsatility is reduced in hypertensive rats. What does this cause?
- meaning that the smaller vessels are exposed to higher fluctuations in blood pressure.
What is the function of the glymphatic system? (Relation to hypertension ??? → not written down in powerpoint → ask other people)
In conclusion, what three effects does hypertension have on blood vessels (especially in the brain)?
- Endothelial dysfunction: poor blood flow regulation
- Reduced pulsatility → less dampening of the pressure fluctuations
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
