Non Conventional armed violence
10 important questions on Non Conventional armed violence
What is an armed conflict?
- Provide the definition:
- Armed conflict is a contested incompatibility that concerns the government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year.
What is described here:
- "A structured group of three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences established in accordance with the Convention, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit”.
- An organized crime group.
What is decribed here:
- "Any other act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to a civilian, or to any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act”
- Terrorism.
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Rebel groups need income.
- Name 6 non-conventional sources of income for rebel groups:
- Looting.
- Armed robbery.
- Piracy.
- Kidnapping for ransom.
- Taxation/extortion.
- Trafficking in drugs, humans, etc.
Greed versus grievance, Introduced by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler in 2000s.
Greed-related reasons prevail over Grievance-related ones.
- Name two points that prove this hypothesis:
- Conflict arises when there is an economic opportunity.
- Combatants aim at ameliorating their material.
- Ameloirating = verbetering van.
New forms of armed group behaviour.
- Name 5 new forms of armed group behaviour:
- The search for new streams of illicit revenue.
- The connection to transnational crime.
- The volatile ties to local communities.
- The collapse of vertical chains of military authority.
- A certain ambivalnce towards official state and security institutions when these can partly be captured fo shared material gain.
- Volatile = vluchtige.
- Ambivalnce = tweeslachtigheid.
- What are the results of new forms of armed group behaviour?
- Insufficient attention towards countries suffering high rates of bloodshed but are not formally at war.
- Efforts to mitigate conventional armed conflict confronted by hybrid forms of violence (political, tribal, criminal, etc).
- Traditional methods of mediation do not work due to the lack of clear political objective.
- Efforts to mitigate conventional armed conflict confronted by hybrid forms of violence (political, tribal, criminal, etc) = Inspanningen om conventionele gewapende conflicten te verzachten die worden geconfronteerd met hybride vormen van geweld (politiek, tribale, crimineel, enz.).
- What are characteristics of hybrid warfare?
- Distinction between the criminal use of violence and armed violence in conflict is blurred.
- Grey area between political and criminal interests.
- Destruction of non-violent illegal economic activities increase reliance on violent illegal economic activities.
- Access to transnational connections results in:
- Brings significant competitive advantage.
- Reinforces linkages between crime and conflict.
- How can we deal with these kinds of conflict?
- New forms of mediation.
- Political reintegration.
- Humanitarian responses.
- Controlling illicit flows.
- Reducing chronic violence.
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