South-Sudan
22 important questions on South-Sudan
Sudan is Africa's largest country in geographical terms. Sudan's modern borders were drawn by the British in the last century. British rule resulted in a country with two halves.
- Describe the characteristics of the two halves:
- South - More suited to farming due to it's wetter climate.
religion in the South - Christian. - North - Partly vegetated or desert.
religion in the North - Arabic Muslim.
The Western Darfur region rebelled against the capital city Khartoum.
- What was the result of this rebellion?
- The rebellion resulted in the destruction of most villages in the Darfur region.
- Sudan's president Al-Basheer has been indicted by the Criminal Court for War Crimes in Darfur.
For many years Sudan's economy was dominated by the export of cotton. Particularly from the Gezira scheme outside of Khartoum.
However, one discovery changed the economy of the entire country.
- What entailed this discovery?
- Oil.
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Oil is exported through the Port of Sudan. Oil export has risen from 1999 onwards.
This has been reflected in the country's export revenue's.
- How?
- Oil makes up 94% of the total export.
- What is the major problem with oil in Sudan?
- Most of the oil wealth has a float to Khartoum and the centre of the country.
- Adding resentment of the region against the ruling elite.
The discovery of the oil industry resulted in a reorientation of Sudan's foreign policy.
China is now Sudan's most important export partner, investing billions of dollars in infrastructures like roads and bridges.
- In exchange for what?
- Oil.
In December 2013 fears fighting erupted in South Sudan between different fractions.
- Between what fraction did the fighting erupt?
- Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM).
The SPLM has an affiliated army called the Sudan People's Liberation Army SPLM/A.
- What three elements comprise out of the SPLM/A?
- Liberation Movement.
- Political Party.
- Army.
- What are the two main ethnic groups forming the SPLM/A?
- Dinka - Leader president of South Sudan Salva Kiir.
- Nuer - Leader vice president of South Sudan Riek Machar.
There are different assumptions over the question of what started the Civil War. But South Sudan government claims that Riek Machar planned a coup to overthrow Salva Kiir.
Machar denied this by saying that Kiir was trying to quash political opposition.
- What happened on December 18 2013?
- Machar publicly announced to remove Kiir.
By December 23 forces loyal to the ex-vice president take control over some parts in South Sudan.
Including in oil states.
Machar is now the leader of the SPLM/A in opposition.
- What three groups does the SPLM/A in opposition comprise of?
- Defectors.
- Ex-government officials.
- Small militias.
The SPLM was given a 6 years transition period, to transform its liberation movement into a cohesive political party capable of governing after independence in 2011.
- What was the aim of the SPLM during the transition period?
- The aim was to democratize the movement and give representation to the various political strands and ethic groups under its umbrella organization.
The SPLM leadership neglected minority discontent and focused on winning internal political battles and keep leading the party.
The South Sudanese leadership dismissed their duty of nation-building and did not make the reforms needed.
- Which resulted in?
- A Civil War.
What started as a political struggle has now emerged into an ethnic conflict.
- How?
- Because the Dinka ethnic group supports Kiir and the Nuer ethnic group supports Machar.
- When did the First Civil war take place in Sudan?
- 1955-1972.
- When did the Second Civil war take place in Sudan?
- 1983-2005.
- When was the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed?
- 2005.
- What was the Comprehensice Peace Agreement (2005) characterised by? (2 points).
- 6 year interim period.
- Integrated units of both armies.
- What was the outcome of the referendum in South Sudan in 2011?
- 93,83% in favour for independence.
- Garang dies in helicopter crash, succeeded by Salva Kiir.
Humanitarian aid.
- What was accomplished within the 1980's Operation Life Sudan?
- Relief aid to millions caught in the Second Civil War and draught.
- Relief aid to revel held areas through SPLM/A.
- Recognition by international humanitarian workers provides legitimacy and power (to provide food).
- SPLM/A remained relatively independent from civilian population.
Oil
- What happened during the 2011 Sudan fuel blockade?
- Ceasing export of fuel to Sudan to pressure for net transit fees.
- Start of fuel crisis in South Sudan
- What are the effects of conlfict and deteriorating economy for foreign investment in Sudan?
- Miller closes South Sudan brewery in 2016.
- Shortage of foreign currency.
- Inability to access raw materials.
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