Action 3: Dysfunction

23 important questions on Action 3: Dysfunction

What's the difference between a Hemorrhage & a brain infarct?

- Hermorrhage: Ruptured artieries --> Irritation that causes swelling --> Brain tissue dies
- Brain infarct: Blockage in arteries (bloodclot) --> Oxygen deprivation --> Cell death

What is motor disinhibition?

Too little motor inhibition --> Repetitive/Inappropriate behavour

What is motor rigidity?

Too much motor inhibition --> Lack of adaption/flexibility
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What could happen when action is too reactive/too externally guided?

- Alien hand syndrome
- Utilisation/ Imitation behaviour

What happens when there is a disruption in the spinal cord?

- Disruption of the afferent or efferent system underneath the level of the disruption
- Paralysis

What does the Babinsky sign show?

If the foot moves the other way --> Diagnostic sign of lesion in the pyramidal tract

What influence does M1 have on reflexes?

They run on their own but M1 can inhibit them

M1 pathology: Causes & Consequences?

Cause: Most often Hemmorhage
Consequences: - Spasms & Gross movements; Uncoördinated action
-  Often 1 sided
- (extra)pyramidal tracts to spinal cord affected: Disruption of reflexes

What problems do Huntington patiënts get besides motor problems?

- Cognitive limitations: Motor learning, memory, Problem-solving, Flexibility
- Personality changes: Aggression, impatiënt

What are Parkinson's symptom?

- Handtremor
- Bradykinesia: Difficulty initiating movement
- Rigidity
- Slow movements
- Difficulty with balance, mimics & adjustment
- Difficulty voluntary movement

What are 2 interventions for Parkinson's?

- Levadopa (L-Dopa)
- Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep Brain stimulation is used in parkinson:

- Implant electrodes in STN --> Remote control DPS in STN

Cerebellum is contra/ipsi/bilateral?

Ipsilateral: Same side disruptions

What are the problems with Asynergy of Lateral damage in the cerebellum? And Medial Damage?

- Lateral damage: Disruption of limb/effector muscles
- Medial damage: Disruption of posture & torso movement

What is Dysmetria & Hypermetria?

Cerebellum damage: Error of distance & direction in movement

Premotor cortex problems are?

- Almost no cases: Hypothetically: Not responding to external cues

Problem with damage of Supplementary Motor Complex?

- Problems in response selection & competition
- Imitation & Utilisation behaviour
- Alien hand syndrome

What is Utilisation behaviour? What causes it?

- Using an object in the way a person knows
- SMA disruption with BG/ACC/Parietal problem

What is imitation behaviour?

Imitating someone without intention (SMC damage)

What do imitation & utilisation behaviour have in common?

- Both with no intention
- Motive is external, but perceived as internal --> Motive is made up

What are problems with damage to the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)?

- Apraxia: Inabillity to perform intentional goal-directed action
Ideomotor apraxia: Problem in action execution --> Especially without the object being there --> "What to do with scissors?"
-Ideational apraxia: Problem in understanding the action

What are problems with a dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex?

- Abulia (weakness of will)
-Akinetic mutism: not being able to move

What are the 2 types of Abulia? (weakness of will)

- Intentional motives absent: No awareness of lack of action impulse/no intention. No discrepancy
- Intentional motive present: Intention, but no action worth working for  (discrepancy)

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