The Retina in Detail
16 important questions on The Retina in Detail
How does the retina process the rod and cone signals?
The photorecpetor responds to light by hyperpolarization, and to dark by depolarization (opening of Na+ channels)
What is the graded potential signal of photoreceptors?
Dark --> Depolarization (Opening Na+)
When is a photoreceptor signal converted into an ON or OFF signal?
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What types of connections do photoreceptors make with ON/OFF bipolar cells?
- Sign Inverting synapses --> ON- bipolar cells
What is the Mexican Hat? Where does it take place?
- Starts in bipolar cells because of negative feedback of horizontal cells.
- Subsequently also happens in ganglion cells
How does the retinal network encode?
- From graded potentials: Hyper/depolarization(cones, bipolars, horizontals) --> Action potentials (Ganglion cells; Long axons)
§§Why is our perception of luminance not veridical?
(contrast illusions)
What is the Baumgartner hypothesis and what are the counterarguments against the Baumgartner Hypothesis?
CA 1:
- Hermann Grid illusion works the same at all eccentricities or distances, while Ganglion cell RF's are fixed in size...
CA2:
- Situations that, according to the theory, should produce a larger illusory effect, actually reduce the effect.
CA3:
- Situations that, according to the theory, should NOT influence the effect, in fact have large effects on the illusion.
According to the theory wavy blocks should also produce the effect, yet they don't.
What is an alternative hypothesis of the Baumgartner Hypothesis?
-
Why are rods the primary source of visual information at night?
Why is vision in the dark less sharp?
- They are sensitive to just a single wavelength and hence are useless for color vision
- Rods bipolars receive input from multiple rods, hence have larger receptive fields
What is Age Related Macular Degeneration?
- Loss of central vision, acuity loss
- Pigment epithelium (receptors) are lost due to accumulation of toxic products
- No treatment
How does spatial frequency sensitivity depend on receptive field size in retinal ganglion cells?
Surround component of RGC: Low to intermediate SF's.
Combined: Characteristic SF tuning of RGC's
What does spatial frequency depend on?
- Human age
What information from the retina reaches the brain first?
What does the Navon task show?
Subjects have to detect global target or local targets.
Global targets detected faster; Congruent targets detected faster.
Shows: Y-type reaches brain quicker than X-type (but global precedence is way larger than the RT difference)
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