Learning to see
26 important questions on Learning to see
Who studied whether physiological feature detectors are innate or whether early experience effects kittens?
Kittens living in a world of only vertical stripes appear to blind to horizontal lines - and lack horizontal feature detectors
---> suggests that feature detectors are not completely laid down at birth; but are developed by visual stimulation
(p. 138 Gregory textbook)
What are 2 techniques that can be used to measure infant perception?
- Preferential looking: Infants tend to look at the most interesting object in their visual field.
- Habituation: Babies are more likely to look at novel objects. For example, a stimulus is presented on its own for a period of time. It is then removed and shown again with a new stimulus.
What can be said about an infants ability to perceive detail (visual acuity)?
However, visual acuity then increases over the first six months to just below adult levels.
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What is the critical period of visual acuity?
---> during these 6 months, an infant needs to have good visual experience in order to form the right connections to see the world
What is contrast perception?
How can infants discriminate objects in the first month of life? Why is this?
---> Their sensitivity to contrast is 20 times lower than an adult’s, infants have a very different perspective of the world
At 1 month old, an infant's contrast sensitivity is too low to distinguish what? What can they see?
They can see high contrast areas e.g. the contour between hair and forehead (hairline)
With regards to contrast perceptions, what can infants see at 3 months old?
What have habituation studies shown about how 4 month old infants categorise colour?
(i.e. they can tell the difference between different wavelengths of light)
Note: this doesn't mean that they perceive the actual colour in the same way as adults
Infants begin perceiving motion at a very early age. However, what does this not mean?
---> infants are unable to perceive biological motion until 6 months of age
When infants are born, what can be said about their depth perception?
What method investigates infants ability to perceive depth? When can infants start to perceive depth?
---> shows that infants develop an ability to discriminate stereoscopic depth at about 4 months
---> the use of pictorial depth cues such as familiar size, perspective and occlusion occurs later between 5-7 months
The parallel between perception and physiology becomes obvious when we look at what?
---> One reason for poor visual ability in infants is that the visual cortex is not fully developed
One reason for poor visual ability in infants is that the visual cortex is not fully developed. What is another reason?
---> Although the rod-dominated peripheral retina appears adult like in the newborn, the all-cone fovea contains widely spaced and very poorly developed cone receptors.
What is the visual system particularly sensitive to in early post natal life? Who studied this?
(known as the critical period)
Konrad Lorenz
---> studied imprinting in geese
---> he was the first thing that the geese saw when they hatched = they thought he was their mother
---> showed that birds will assume that the first large moving object they see and hear when they hatch is their mother regardless of what it looks like
What is an example of restricted sensory experience?
How does amblyopia or dull vision occur?
---> Because the two eyes do not see the same visual image the brain suppresses information from one eye
= This results in dulled vision in the deprived eye
What can be said about the LGN inputs that project to the primary visual cortex?
---> In a normal animal, the ocular dominance columns are of roughly equal width.
= This is so both eyes have an equal influence on what we see
Who explained how differences in neural activity translate into changes in neural circuity?
---> proposed that cells at presynaptic terminals that have the same activity as the postsynaptic cell are more likely to form stable synapses. In contrast, those synapses that do not correlate with the postsynaptic cell are weakened
What do neurons in the primary visual cortex respond selectively to?
---> However, if animals are raised in environments containing only one orientation during the critical period, they develop more cells devoted to that orientation
How many synapses do infants have compared to adults?
What is the oblique effect?
---> Recent fMRI experiments have shown that we have more neurons that are sensitive to horizontal and vertical contours than to oblique contours
What is one explanation of the oblique effect?
---> Cultures living in more circular environments, such as the Zulus or Eskimos are reported not to exhibit a corresponding bias
Who tested whether the the visual system could be shaped/molded by experience?
---> wore inverting goggles such that objects above appeared below and objects below appeared above
Results
- The initial days of the experiment were difficult
- However after wearing the inverting goggles for 7 days, he reported that he could walk around the house with ease and everything ‘appeared normal’.
- Moreover, when he removed the goggles he found that world had ‘a surprisingly bewildering air which lasted for several hours.’
What perceptual illusions can patients like SB not 'see'?
- Fluctuations in perception when viewing ambiguous figures
---> In sum, he had not learnt how to construct visual percepts
What infant behaviours show that newborn babies can see?
(p. 160 Gregory textbook)
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