Physical Geography #2
35 important questions on Physical Geography #2
Places where plumes of magma rise from the mantle, producing volcanic activity as well as thermal effects in the ground-water and crust
50 to 100 sites of magma upwelling that do not move relative to the earth
example: hawaii (records 80 MY of movement)
A nucleus that all continents have, consisting of ancient crystalline rock on which the continent grows through the addition of crustal fragments and sediments
A large region where a cartoon is exposed at the surface
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Rocks are very ductile.
act in a plastic or deformable manner up to a threshold
Under tension, creates a fault scarp or escarpment
-hanging wall and footwall side
-marker bed, hanging wall down
Under compression; low angle reverse fault is a thrust fault
-coal seams and volcanic ash
-hanging wall up
Occurs when the fault plane forms a low angle relative to the horizontal, so that the overlying block has shifted far over the underlying block
-due to compression, displacement
When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, such as produced along a transform plate boundary and the associated transform faults
-due to regional shear
-displacement, no vertical displacement
Mountain building episodes take place over millions of years and cause the thickening of the crust
The surface position directly about the focus, in an earthquake
The location of movement, in an earthquake
Qualitative rank of earthquake intensity based on damage to terrain and structures
Amplitude- magnitude scale measured with a seismometer
logarithmic increases in magnitude (10x) from 0 to less than 8
Subfield of both physical geography and geology. tipping point where new system lurches to new operational level
Any process that wears away or rearranges landforms
Process that breaks down rock at earth's surface and slightly below, either disintegrating rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water
Wedging action of frost in the cracks of a rock surface
- gravity, frost, water
Human induced mass movement of earth's materials such as large-scale open-pit mining and strip mining.
What are the 3 largest rivers in terms of discharge?
2 congo
3 ganges
Treelike pattern, capillaries in the human circulatory system, or the veins in leaves or roots of trees
Dipping or folded topography
Streams flow off a central peak or dome
Formed by faulted and jointed landscape, which directs stream courses in patterns of right-angle turns
Occur on structural streams, with concretion patterns of rock strata guiding stream courses
No geometry and no true stream valley occurs in areas such as the glaciated stream regions of canada, northern europe and parts of states
Material that travels in solution, especially the dissolved chemical compounds derived from materials such as limestone or dolomite or from soluble salts
Consists of fine-grained clastic particles
Coarser materials that are moved by fraction or by saltation
Commonly occur in glacial environment, where coarse sediment is abundant and slopes are steep.
also occurs in wide, shallow channels with variable discharge
Streams develop a more sinuous (snakelike) form, weaving back and forth across a landscape
Watershed, ranging in size from tiny to vast
Sediment is eroded along a stream, causing it channel incision
Building of land surface because of deposition of material, when the sediment load of a stream exceeds the stream's capacity to carrot it, the stream channel becomes filled through this process
May gradually fill with organic debris and silt or may again become part of the river when it floods
Level areas that appear as topographic steps above a stream created by the stream as it scours with renewed downcutting into its floodplain: composed of unconsolidated alluvium
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