Physical Geography #2

35 important questions on Physical Geography #2

Places where plumes of magma rise from the mantle, producing volcanic activity as well as thermal effects in the ground-water and crust
50 to 100 sites of magma upwelling that do not move relative to the earth
example: hawaii (records 80 MY of movement)

hot spots

A nucleus that all continents have, consisting of ancient crystalline rock on which the continent grows through the addition of crustal fragments and sediments

craton

A large region where a cartoon is exposed at the surface

continental shield
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Rocks are very ductile.
act in a plastic or deformable manner up to a threshold

folding (bending)

Under tension, creates a fault scarp or escarpment
-hanging wall and footwall side
-marker bed, hanging wall down

normal fault

Under compression; low angle reverse fault is a thrust fault
-coal seams and volcanic ash
-hanging wall up

reverse fault

Occurs when the fault plane forms a low angle relative to the horizontal, so that the overlying block has shifted far over the underlying block
-due to compression, displacement

thrust fault

When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, such as produced along a transform plate boundary and the associated transform faults
-due to regional shear
-displacement, no vertical displacement

strike slip fault

Mountain building episodes take place over millions of years and cause the thickening of the crust

orogenesis

The surface position directly about the focus, in an earthquake

epicenter

The location of movement, in an earthquake

focus

Qualitative rank of earthquake intensity based on damage to terrain and structures

mercalli scale

Amplitude- magnitude scale measured with a seismometer
logarithmic increases in magnitude (10x) from 0 to less than 8

richter scale

Subfield of both physical geography and geology. tipping point where new system lurches to new operational level

geomorphology

Any process that wears away or rearranges landforms

dendudation

Process that breaks down rock at earth's surface and slightly below, either disintegrating rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water

weathering

Wedging action of frost in the cracks of a rock surface
- gravity, frost, water

physical weathering

Human induced mass movement of earth's materials such as large-scale open-pit mining and strip mining.

scarification

What are the 3 largest rivers in terms of discharge?

1 amazon
2 congo
3 ganges

Treelike pattern, capillaries in the human circulatory system, or the veins in leaves or roots of trees

dendritic drainage

Dipping or folded topography

trellis drainage

Streams flow off a central peak or dome

radial drainage

Formed by faulted and jointed landscape, which directs stream courses in patterns of right-angle turns

rectangular pattern

Occur on structural streams, with concretion patterns of rock strata guiding stream courses

annular pattern

No geometry and no true stream valley occurs in areas such as the glaciated stream regions of canada, northern europe and parts of states

deranged pattern

Material that travels in solution, especially the dissolved chemical compounds derived from materials such as limestone or dolomite or from soluble salts

dissolved load

Consists of fine-grained clastic particles

suspended load

Coarser materials that are moved by fraction or by saltation

bed load

Commonly occur in glacial environment, where coarse sediment is abundant and slopes are steep.
also occurs in wide, shallow channels with variable discharge

braided rivers

Streams develop a more sinuous (snakelike) form, weaving back and forth across a landscape

Meandering

Watershed, ranging in size from tiny to vast

drainage basin

Sediment is eroded along a stream, causing it channel incision

degradation

Building of land surface because of deposition of material, when the sediment load of a stream exceeds the stream's capacity to carrot it, the stream channel becomes filled through this process

aggradation

May gradually fill with organic debris and silt or may again become part of the river when it floods

oxbow lake

Level areas that appear as topographic steps above a stream created by the stream as it scours with renewed downcutting into its floodplain: composed of unconsolidated alluvium

alluvial terraces

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