Summary: Physiology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Physiology

• 1 Chapter 6

• 1.1.1 the cell and plasma membrane

• Which molecules are able to go over the cell membrane via simple diffusion?

  Gases (N2, O2, CO2), small uncharged molecules such as urea, ethanol and water.

• Which molecules need carrier-mediated transport to go over the membrane?

  Large unchared polar molecules (glucose and fructose), ions (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), charged polar molecules (amino acids, ATP, proteins).

• 1.1.2 diffusion and osmosis

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• What is osmotic pressure?

  The force needed to counteract osmosis.
  
  Increased solute concentrations increase the osmotic pressure of the solution

• 1.1.3 carrier-mediated transport

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• What's the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport?

  Primary active transport uses ATP directly -> pumps
  
  Secondary active transport uses ATP indirectly -> antiporters and symporters

• What is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump an example of?

  Primary active transport
  
  3 Na+ is transported outside the cell
  2 K+ is transported inside the cell 

• What is the sodium/glucose cotransporter an example of?

  Secondary active transport
  
  Na+ moves down its conc gradient, glucose moves up its conc gradient

• 1.1.4 movement via vesicular form

• What's the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

  Endocytosis: material brought into cells as vesicle is formed
  
  Exocytosis: vesicular contents released from cell

• 1.1.5 the membrane potential

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• What is the membrane potential of a cell at rest?

  -60 to -80 mV

• What is the Nernst equation?

  Describes an electrochemical equilibruim state for a specific ion (X)
  
  
  It represents a 'balance point' between two diffusional forces acting on ion X: chemical and electrical

• 2 Chapter 7

• 2.1 Organization of the nervous system

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• What's the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

  The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.