Cardiovascular physiological concepts

15 important questions on Cardiovascular physiological concepts

What are characteristics of living organisms?

1. Maintain structure, grow, reproduce
2. Interact with environment
3. Adapt to changing circumstances

What are the two types of metabolism?

Catabolism = breakdown of organic matter to harvest energy (ATP)
Anabolism = uses energy to construct substances

From which substances is energy derived?

Carbohydrates = 4.1 kcal/g
Proteins = 4.3 kcal/g
Lipids = 9.4 kcal/g
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Unicellular organisms, how do they obtain nutrients and get rid of waste products?

Diffusion over the membrane driven by the concentration gradients

How is obtaining nutrients and get rid of waste products regulated in higher organisms?

A dual circulatory system to promote fast exchange of gases

What are the roles of the circulatory system?

- distribution of dissolved gases and molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
- fast chemical signaling by circulating hormones and neurotransmitters
- dissipation of heat (thermoregulation)
- mediation of inflammatory and host defense responses

What is transmural pressure?

The difference between intravascular and tissue presuure, goversn vessel diameter

What is hydrostatic pressure/

Pressure difference due to gravity
... Dia

What is flow? And how is it calculated?

Displacement of volume per unit time
-> ml/s or l/min

Flow = area * mean velocity
usually a parabolic profile: v(mean) = 0.5*v(max)

How is the cardiac output calculated?

CO = (MAP - CVP)/SVR = +- MAP/SVR

MAP = mean arterial BP
CVP = central venous blood pressure
SVR = systemic vascular resistance

How is the MAP (mean arterial BP) calculated?

MAP = DBP + (SBP-DBP)/3

DBP = diastolic blood pressure
SBP = systolic blood pressure

How is the hydrolic resistance calculated?

R = (8/pi) * n * (L/r^4)
n = viscosity

What is imporant for viscosity? And how is it calculated?

Shear rate and shear stress (snelheid en spanning)

Stress = force/area
Rate = velocity gradient = dv/dx

viscosity (n) = shear stress/shear rate

How is the resistance calculated in series? And parallel?

Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
Parallel: 1/Rtot = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...

What causes pressure in the circulation?

Pressure in a closed system or in a vascular bed occurs when it is filled over its unstressed volume

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