Neural control of the CVS
20 important questions on Neural control of the CVS
Which sensors excist that control the circulation?
- Baroreceptors = blood pressure
- Volume receptors = blood volume (low pressure baroreceptors)
- Osmoreceptors = plasma osmolarity
- Chemoreceptors = blood chemistry (pO2, pCO2, pH)
The vascular resistance is controlled by a large number of influences, namely:
- Neural (autonomic nerves)
- Humoral (circulating hormones)
Intrinsic influences:
- Tissue metabolites
- local hormones
- Myogenic
- Endothelial factors
Which neurotransmitters are important for neural control of the vascular system?
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Where does Acetylcholine bind to?
chronotropy = heart rate
dromotropy = conduction velocity
inotropy = contractility
To which receptors does norepinephrine bind to?
Alpha receptors (alpha1 and alpha2)
=> on the heart is particularly binds to ß1 receptors and to a lesser extend to the ß2 and alpha1 receptor => increase of inotropy, chronotropy and dromotropy
=> on blood vessels it particularly binds to alpha 1 receptors and to a lesser extend to alpha2 and ß2, the alpha receptors cause vasoconstriction and the beta receptor vasodilation
=> feedback loop regulates the release of NE, ACh inhibits the release of NE
What is the effect of muscarine receptors on the heart?
-> by ACh
What also influences the heart rate, besides neural and hormonal control?
Central venous/right atrial pressure, +6% per mmHg
What is the cascade that happens after norepinephrine activates the ß receptor?
What is the cascade after stimulation of ACh?
What is the effect of beta blockers?
=> propranolol
What is the effect of a muscarinic receptor antagonist?
=> atropine
How is the brain activated to raise/lower the heart rate?
- thinking
- feel (temperature, pain)
- breathing
- blood pressure
Where are the baroreceptors located?
in the glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve)
Which center in the brain computes al the somatosensory information?
What is the indirect way for regulating the SA node?
What is the effect of baroreceptor firing?
What is baroreceptor resetting?
What is the baroreceptor sensitivity?
What are the predominant type of receptors in skletal muscle and in coronary and bronchial circulations?
Coronary and bronchial circulation = ß2 (vasodilation)
What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Epinephrine binds preferably to ß2 receptors, while norepinephrine binds preferably to alpha1 receptors. Hence, in skeletal muscle, a low plasma concentration of epinephrine gives vasodilation due to the ß2 effect. But eventually (at higher concentration) it also binds to alpha receptors and the vasoconstriction wins)
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