General Medicine - Intestinal phases
13 important questions on General Medicine - Intestinal phases
What are the intermediate risk factors of CVD?
- Raised blood pressure
- Raised blood glucose
- Raised blood lipids
- Overweight+Obesity
> all indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications.
What do you know about blood lipids, atherosclerosis and thrombosis?
Arteriosclerosis is a term for thickening and hardening of arterial walls. (depending on genetic and lifestyle factors)
What is the main player in the early stage of atherosclerosis?
Cholesterol is a vital molecule in your body, but too much is called hyperlipidemia, which can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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What are the consequences of those plaques?
- Ischemia
- Formation of blood clots(thrombi)
What happens when people form blood clots (thrombi)?
How can CVD be diagnosed?
- Echocardiogram
- Exercise stress test
- Coronary angiography
- Blood test looking at troponin and creatin kinase
- CT scans and MRIs
How can CVD be treated?
- Nitroglycerin: helps dilate the narrow coronary arteries
- Beta blockers: decrease blood pressure and slow down heart rate. If heart slows down, it doesn't need as much oxygen to function, which is good since little is getting through in cases of coronary artery disease
- Blood thinners or anti-platelets (e.g., aspirin)
- Calcium-channel blockers: reduce blood pressure, among other things
- Statins: cholesterol-reducing medication
- Anti-coagulants: heparin, given after a heart attack
Name some surgical interventions in CVD:
- Angioplasty: Inserting a catheter into the narrowed section of the artery, inflate a balloon and leave a stent to prop up the walls
- Coronary artery bypass surgery: a blood vessel is taken from another pary of the body and used to help blood flow aroung the blockage
How can CVD be prevented?
- Stop smoking
- reduce the amount of salt in the diet
- eat more fruit and vegetables
- regular physical activity
- avoid harmful use of alcohol
Name 5 diseases with high prevalence mortality:
- Heart failure
- Angina
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Pulmonary Embolism
What do you know about heart failure?
Blood moves through the heart and body at a slower rate, pressure in the heart increases. > the heart cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients. The heart muscle may weaken. The kidneys may respond by causing the body to retain fluid and salt. If it builds up in the arms, legs, ankles, feet, lung or other organs = congestive heart failure.
Symptoms:
- congested lungs (shortness of breath, wheezing, dyspnea, orthopnea)
- fluid and water retention
- dizziness
- rapid or irregular heartbeats
Heart failure is often related to coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy.
What do you know about Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
- Stasis
- Hypercoagulation
- Damage to endothelial lining of vein
2 main symptoms are...
- pain: begins like a cramp and may intensify
- swelling: occurs in the vicinity of the blood clot
You may be at higher risk of DVT because of your genes or family history, sitting for a long time, long-term bed-rest, pregnancy, using birth control pills.
DVT can be diagnosed from the presence of high concentrations of D-dimers in blood, with ultrasound or other imaging techniques.
What do you know about pulmonary embolism?
- difficulty breathing (dyspnea),
- an increased heart rate (tachycardia),
- low oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia),
- hypotension,
- pain in the area where the clot has lodged itself,
- damage to the lung,
- a cough,
- death
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