Psychobiology of Food Choice and Eating Behaviour - Food reward and hedonic eating
9 important questions on Psychobiology of Food Choice and Eating Behaviour - Food reward and hedonic eating
1. Thrifty genes hypothesis
'thrifty genes' and ancestral hunter-gatherers:
- individuals who ate only when experiencing a short-term intrameal deficit in energy would not have been prepared for longer periods of deprivation.
- modern man is equipped with both chemosensory, GI systems and brain circuitry to favour the intake of nutritionally high-dense foods, where upward deflections are not compensated for.
3. Hunger and palatability paradox
What is the nature of palatability? -> 2 groups of theories
- Palatability reflects need-state for the nutrient predicted by sensory properties of the ingestant
- e.g., liking for sweet tastes when hungry is expression of energetic need
- Palatability is related to reward processes (wanting+liking) that (in part) operate independent from need-state
- e.g., liking for sweet tastes is expression of (acquired) oro-sensory reward independent from energetic need (learning)
What are food rewards?
A reward is any stimulus which generates positive affective experiences
- food reward can be physiological, cognitive, emotional and/or social
- e.g., sweet taste, feeling comfortably full or feeling relaxed
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I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
How do changes in reward come about?
How to measure food liking?
- VAS-scale: how much do you like or dislike product?
- facial expressions
- taste-reactivity test
How to measure food wanting?
- VAS-scale: how much do you want to eat this product right now? BUT people don't know the difference between liking and wanting and fill in the same answer as liking
- behavioural measures: approach, effort, willingness to work
What is reward sensitivity?
individual differences in:
- relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood)
>> people with higher RRVfood consume more calories when food is freely available than those with low RRVfood
What is delayed reward discounting (DRD)?
>> individuals ability to delay gratification (marshmellow experiment)
How to make a delayed reward gratifying?
- Learned food-reward associations
- Stability of food-reward over repeat consumption
- Cueing of positive rewarding experiences of food products
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
