The partition of Europe
20 important questions on The partition of Europe
Name the three conferences that defined the new world order:
- Tehran 1943.
- Yalta 1945.
- Potsdam 1945.
What happened during the conference of Tehran (1943)?
- First allies meeting.
- Agreement of German dismemberment after WWII.
What happened during the Yalta conference (1945)?
- Demilitarisation and division of Germany in four zones.
- Complex triangular relations among the leaders.
- Poland borders are displaced towards western side of Oder-Neisse line.
- Future creation of UN (Dumbarton Oaks conference).
- Declaration of Liberated Europe.
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What happened during the Potsdam conference (1945)?
- Change of leaders (Truman x Roosevelt / Atlee x Churchill).
- Real relations between 2 (not 3).
- European Consultive Commission (London) -> Austria and Germany divided in four zones each (including their capitals).
- 10 million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe.
- Fait accompli policy from Stalin.
Role of the three Great Powers:
- USSR -> Mix of ideology and pragmatism.
- UK -> The Balancer.
- USA -> Initially they pretended to leave Europe.
Post-WWII Europe underwent several crises. Define the crises in the Economic, political and social fields:
- WWII economic losses: 1.5 trillion. (21% USA / 20% UK /1 3% USSR / 4% Japan).
- In 1946 Europe needs to import 80% oil, 60% wheat, 40% coal. The situation in 1947 (in comparison with 1939): industrial production (88%), agricultural production (83%), export (59%).
Political:
- From subject to object of the international system.
Social:
- Nearly 30 million Europeans leave their home country.
Marshall Plan 1947: Two Blocs building process in Europe:
- Western (USA as an external federator; empire by invitation): split & rule vs. Fostering organization of its allies.
- Eastern (USSR using coercion as a cohesive factor).
Define two parallel processes in Western Europe:
- Creation of a security system.
- Economic integration process.
What was the goal of the Truman Doctrine/speech?
- USA foreign turning point: from isolationism to interventionism.
General framework of the US suport policy to Western Europe: Truman doctrine (containment). Economic arm of containment policy:
What are the three objectives for the European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan 1947):
- Ensure European demand for US goods.
- Containment of Communism in Europe.
- Force Europeans to accept the economic and political reconstruction of Germany.
What was the European answer to the Marshall plan?
- USSR declined the offer and prohibited to attend its allies.
- Spain was not invited.
Marshall plan 1947. Define the USA structure:
- Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA).
OEEC (1948).
- The first proposal of European integration is the product of US pressure (outcome of Marshall Plan).
- 18 participants: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Island, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK and Western Germany (originally represented by USA, France and UK) and Free Territory of Trieste.
What were the governing principles of the OEEC? (3 principles):
- Promoting cooperation among its members.
- Intra-European trade development.
- Possibility of a Customs Union/FTA.
German Reconstruction (1949).
What were the proposals regarding the German future of the US, UK, France and BENELUX? What was the final proposal?
Remember: No peace treaty after the end of the Second World War.
- US and UK: The growth of Germany is considered indispensable for European stability.
- France and BENELUX: Prevent re-emergence of German threat.
- Final proposal: Economic recovery of Germany within Marshall Plan and division in several areas.
What event is defined as the official beginning of the Cold War?
What even triggered the Berlin blockade?
- The USSR decides to block land access to West Berlin.
- The allied forces react by a Airlift.
Outcome -> Two German states are created:
- Agency granted to West Germany by the Allies.
- GDR: a People's Council (Volksrat) in charge of drafting a constitution.
GFR creation (1949). Describe the basic features of the GFR Law:
- Federal state.
- European Germany (art.23).
- Mixed suffrage (kiesrecht).
- Prime Minister (Bundeskanzler) with broad powers.
- Constitutional Court (BVG) as a guardian of democracy.
- 5% threshold to obtain parliamentary representation.
GFR creation 1949. Who was the first Chancellor?
Describe the evolution of the GFR (1949). Seven points:
- Petersberg Agreements 1949.
- GFR retakes the control over its own industry 1951.
- Remilitarization of GFR 1952, but only through a joint European army (failure).
- London Agreement on German External Debt 1953.
- Treaty of Paris 1954.
- Retake of the control over Saar in 1957.
- GFR economic miracle 1950's. -> Strive for not a German Europe but a European Germany.
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