The evolution of the Atlantic Alliance during the Cold War
15 important questions on The evolution of the Atlantic Alliance during the Cold War
Describe the evolution in Atlanticism in 4 steps:
- The Paris Conference 1954: the membership of West Germany into NATO.
- The reform of the Brussels Treaty: the creation of the Western European Union (WEU) 1954.
- The NATO crisis during the 1960's: De Gaulle and détente.
- The Euromissile crisis 1979-1987.
Paris agreements 1954. Describe the four protocols:
- Protocol I: Creation of the Western European Union.
- Protocol II: Restrucration Western Europe Union military forces.
- Protocol III: Arms control.
- Protocol IV: Creation Agency for the Control of Armaments.
Western European Union (1955). Finally, member states decided to constrain and limit the field of action of the Western European Union to only four areas. What are those four areas?
- Establishment of the level of member states armed forces.
- To keep British troops in continental Europe.
- Agency for the Control of Armaments.
- Dealing with foreign affairs issues.
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Favourable (military and political) context for GFR rearmament. Three options on the table. What are those three options?
- To create a West German federal police equipped enough.
- To invite GFR to join NATO (integrated forces with the Alliance).
- To create a European army that would include GFR soldiers.
NATO crisis:
- NATO configuration:practical asymmetry vs. legal symmetry.
- According to Margarita Robles, Transatlantic and European differences in defence and security issues live together in NATO from mid 50s onwards
- European security configuration: Soviet conventional forces superiority vs. US nuclear umbrella.
- Change of nuclear strategy: from massive retaliation doctrine to flexible response.
What are the consequences?
- Rest of the member states not consulted.
- No horizontal nuclear proliferation.
- European member states vulnerability?
Barely coherent European reaction
- Trend towards renationalization of security and defence policies (France, UK, GFR)>
- Eurogroup.
NATO crisis: De Gaulle.
- French national interests are threatened by: (2 points)
- Soviet block communism.
- Anglo-Saxon hegemony.
NATO crisis: De Gaulle.
Justification for a more autonomous French foreign policy: necessity to put an end to US tutelage over Europe after WWII. What are the tools to do that?
- Autonomous Nuclear Policy 1960.
- GFR rapprochement (Elysée Treaty on cooperation) 1963.
- Diplomatic recognition of the People's Republic of China in 1964.
- Rapprochement to USSR and Eastern Europe (détente, entente and cooperation).
- Criticism of US foreign policy.
De Gaulle threatens with NATO withdrawal if several demands are not fulfilled [if not, France may decide to reform the treaty or withdraw from it]. What are those demands?
- French control of the Mediterranean.
- Change in the balance of NATO Chiefs of Staff.
NATO crisis: De Gaulle.
What happens when NATO declines the demands of France?
- Headquarters are moved from Paris to Belgium 1967.
- De Gaulle separates the Alliance from NATO. De Gaulle distinguishes two periods regarding NATO-French relations:
- 1949-1969: "We adhere to the Washington Treaty principles, but not to joint work".
- Post-1969: Trend towards bilateralism between France-rest of Member States.
Outcome: "Unfolding" of the Alliance. NATO (political) vs. NATO + France (military).
Describe the methodology of the Eurogroup 1968:
Euromissile crisis 1979-1987:
Background: In the 1970s, USSR deploys intermediate-range nuclear missiles SS-20 at CEEC. In 1977 the GFR chancellor Helmut Schmidt demands two things. Define those things:
- Schmidt demands the US to negotiate an agreement with the Soviets.
- Schmidt demands the deployment of nuclear missiles in Western Europe. > That may counterbalance the Soviet ones.
Euromissile crisis 1979-1987:
NATO Double track decision 1979. Entails two important points:
- Deployment of 572 Pershing and Cruise missiles 1983.
- At the same time, looking for an agreement with the Warshaw Treaty about the mutual reduction of INF.
Euromissile crisis 1979-1987.
What is an INF?
Euromissile crisis range:
Euromissile crisis. NATO Pershing II range.
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