Exploration into the nature and function of compassion

16 important questions on Exploration into the nature and function of compassion

What are the evolutionary origins of compassion? (2)

1. Mammalian caregiving of offspring
2. Beneficial to be viewed as an attractive ally and sexual/mating partner and support affiliative peer-bonds in general

What kind of cognitive competencies does compassion require as opposed to nonhuman caring?

Complex reasoning abilities that enable self-awareness, symbolic and systemic thinking, mentalizing, reflection of the past, and behaviourally contingent predictions of the future.

What is Goetz's definition of compassion?

A feeling that arises in witnessing another's suffering and motivates a subsequent desire to help (an affective state defined by a specific subjective feeling)
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How do Gibert and Choden define compassion as a motivation?

They define it as a motivation that orientates to sensitivity to suffering in self and others with a commitment to try to alleviate and prevent it

What does deliberate turning into suffering require? (4)

1. Motivation
2. Willingness
3. Courage
4. Distress tolerance

What is the consequence of prevention-focus on compassion?

It inspires and invites dedication to acquire the skills to learn how to relieve and prevent suffering

How can compassion give rise to a sense of identity (compassionate self)

This happens through trying to be helpful and not harmful.

In what way is compassion a combination of motivation and emotion?

Compassion is a uniting of caring motivations with a range of complex social intelligence, with context-dependent emotional textures.

How does compassion work as a motivation?

It competes with other (often unconscious) motives, so part of the challenge of compassion is to break through these evolved boundaries

How do fears, blocks, and resistances hinder compassion? (3)

1. Fears are related to the consequences of becoming more empathically compassionate
2. Blocks are related to internal processes (not knowing or lacking a physiological architecture) or to external environmental and contextual situations where compassion is difficult
3. Resistance happens when people do not want to be compassionate

What is the importance of the notion that compassion is a social mentality/motive?

That it is important to also observe what happens to the recipient of compassion and that compassion is a reciprocal process

How is caring behavior (e.g. compassion) embedded in the physiological system? (3)

1. ANS an nervus vagus
2. Oxytocin and vasopressin
3. Circuits in lower brain areas and the frontal cortex

What is the main difference in training aimed at enhancing compassion? (3)

1. Mindfulness
2. Socio-effective (incl. compassion training)
3. Socio-cognitive (incl. metacognition, empathy, and perspective training)

What physiological systems can compassion training impact in order to make new insights possible?

1. Neuroendocrine and immune systems
2. Specific neurophysiological pathways
3. ANS

What are the differences in the range of compassion-focused therapies that have been developed for various groups?

They can elicit different fears, blocks, and resistances

How does seeing compassion as an emotion or motivation has implications for compassion training in psychotherapy contexts?

Trying to create a compassionate feeling in certain clients can make them more depressed when they struggle/fail to do so. Compassion insight and compassionate behavior are easier starting places

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