Studieboek - Anxiety disorders - Specific models and treatment protocols
29 important questions on Studieboek - Anxiety disorders - Specific models and treatment protocols
What are the steps in the maintaining cycle for a specific phobia? (4)
2. Increases the likelihood of perceiving a threat that triggers the phobic response
3. Reinforces over-estimation of the probability of hard and under-estimating of the ability to cope
4. Fear is maintained that drives hypervigilance
How are primary cognitions, physical arousal, and safety-seeking behaviors related to specific phobia, and what is the consequence?
What is the effect of secondary cognitions on specific phobia?
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How can a specific phobia be overcome? (4)
2. Decreasing focus on the perceived threat (through distraction or BEs to evaluate the consequences of reducing the amount of time spent on checking)
3. Reducing safety-seeking behaviors (via BEs to test the predictions of harm)
4. Addressing misinterpretations (through teaching decentring and cognitive reappraisal of situations)
What are the maintenance factors in panic disorder? (3)
2. Safety behaviors employed to reduce the likelihood of a catastrophe
3. Selective attention through becoming highly sensitized
What are the steps in the maintenance model of a panic disorder? (4)
2. Symptoms are misinterpreted, which increases anxiety
3. Safety-seeking behaviors
4. Beliefs remain unchanged and anxiety remains
How can panic disorders be treated? (3)
2. Setting up BEs (to discover the origin of an unpleasant sensation and to establish the validity of new perceptions)
3. Reduce safety-seeking behaviors (cognitive interventions to explore new ways of coping and reinforcement through behavioral testing)
What can be the maintenance factors in hypochondriasis/health anxiety? (4)
2. Turning to others (safety-seeking behavior)
3. Scanning: focus on the perceived threat with hyperawareness that may lead to misinterpretation of sensations
4. Continuous checking which can easily lead to potentially harmful signs
What are the steps in the maintenance cycle for hypochondriasis/health anxieties? (3)
2. Avoidance/reassurance-seeking/scanning can lead to failure to tolerate/address health concerns, only short-term relief, or false positives and increased symptoms
3. Belief that problems are physical is continued and catastrophic prediction and pre-occupation is maintained
What are the treatment elements for health anxieties?
2. Exploration of superstitious thinking
3. Testing unhelpful health-related beliefs
4. Reducing safety-seeking behaviors
5. Theory A vs. theory B strategy
What are the steps in the maintenance cycle for social anxieties? (4)
2. Increased focus on self and impaired performance which increases self-focused attention or safety-seeking behavior
3. Th latter results in a failure to learn that the worst does not happen. Belief remains unchanged
4. Self-focused attention is maintained
What is important about the definition of self-focused attention in social anxieties?
What is meant by emotional reasoning?
What are important elements in interventions for social phobia? (4)
2. Developing an assertive or compassionate inner voice
3. Cognitive re-evaluation
4. Questioning beliefs to have to client gain a more balanced perspective
What are the maintenance factors for GAD? (4)
2. May reflect an attempt to avoid facing uncertainty which is felt intolerable
3. The meta-cognition of the worry can perpetuate it (type II worry)
4. Undermines the ability for problem-solving (person loses confidence in their ability)
What are the steps in the maintenance cycle for GAD? (4)
2. Meta-cognition of worry leads to more worrying, or initial worry leads to a failure to address the core concern(s)
3. No opportunity to problem-solve, resulting in a lack of confidence in problem-solving abilities
4. Continued belief in inability to cope with adversity maintains the worrying
What are the important elements of the treatment for GAD? (5)
2. Overcoming avoidance (encourage articulation and help to address the fears)
3. Identifying meta-cognitions and testing unhelpful cognitions
4. Teaching alternative responses to worry to teach them that all is well even if they disengage from the worry
5. The worry decision tree (useful yes or no, if something can be done yes or no)
What is the basic premise of OCD?
What are the most common obsessional worries? (4)
2. Fear of missing something potentially dangerous
3. Over-concern with orderliness and perfection
4. Fears of uncontrollable and inappropriate actions
What are key cognitions in OCD? (6)
2. Inflated responsibility
3. Beliefs about the controllability of the thought (the idea that one ought to be able to control 'bad' thoughts)
4. Perfection
5. Overestimation of threat
6. Intolerance of uncertainty
What is common in sufferers of OCD? (2)
2. Emotional reasoning
What are the steps in the maintenance cycle of OCD? (4)
2. Safety-seeking behavior (neutralizing/avoidance/thought suppression)
3. Failure to learn that the worst does not happen
4. Cognitions are still perceived are important/dangerous, or it results in anxiety which leads to more intrusive thoughts
What are the elements of interventions for OCD? (3)
2. Testing unhelpful thoughts and beliefs (continuum method or scaling especially helpful in addressing the extreme perspective of perfectionists)
3. Theory A vs. theory B
What are the core areas of symptoms in PTSD? (5)
2. Vivid memories that promote the experience of danger still being current
3. Memories being disconnected from an intellectual understanding of trauma which might otherwise put them into perspective
4. Memories being intrusive
5. Memories being experienced as nightmares
What are the maintenance factors of PTSD? (3)
2. Neurological inhibition of memory processing (over-arousal in the limbic system during a flashback can prevent the natural processing of the memory. Recollection remains emotionally over-intense and disconnected from current reality)
3. Misinterpretations (can further worsen distress and increase arousal and safety-seeking behaviors)
What are the steps in the maintenance cycle for PTSD? (3)
2. Produces high levels of anxiety, which can lead to safety behavior or to failure to contextualize the memory or to learn to appraise the danger accurately
3. Vivid, traumatic memories are maintained
What elements might treatment for PTSD address? (5)
2. Reducing safety-seeking behaviors by reviewing unhelpful beliefs and field-testing new possibilities
3. Reappraising misinterpretations by reviewing conclusions and creating plausible alternatives
4. Addressing selective memory processes and other cognitive biases by teaching the technique of decentring
5. 'Reclaiming your life' (assignments to re-engage with activities that contribute to well-being
With what problems do anxiety disorders often show co-morbidity?
What are the potential problems when working with specific models and treatment protocols? (3)
2. Trying to force a client's experiences into a specific model
3. Sticking too rigidly to a protocol when the client is not responding well
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