Perceptions, decisions, and power

11 important questions on Perceptions, decisions, and power

Perception is influenced by which three key components, which ones?

  • Characteristics of the perceiver (attitudes, motives, category-based knowledge)
  • Characteristics of the target (similarity, appearance, nonverbal cues)
  • Characteristics of the situation (context of interaction, culture and race consistency)

What are the four different kinds of perceptual grouping?

  • Continuity (objects as continuous patterns)
  • Closure (objects as a constant overall form)
  • Proximity (objects as groups based on nearness)
  • Similarity (objects as groups based on looking similar)

What is selective attention/perception?

The fact that we cannot take in all the sensory information that is coming at us, we miss a lot of it. -> We see what we want to see -> risk of incorrect conclusions.
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What is the halo effect? (famous perception bias example)

a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character. Example: She looks nice, she must be a nice person.

What is the contrast effect ? (famous perception bias example)

An unconscious bias that happens when two things are judged in comparison to one another, instead of being assessed individually.

What are the two attributional tendencies?

  1. Fundamental attribution error = tendency to attribute another person's behavior, rather than to situational factors.
  2. Self-serving bias = tendency to internally attribute when the outcome is related to success, and externally when the outcome is related to failure.

Explain rational model of decision making

Explains how managers should make decisions. There are four stages to rational decision making:
  1. Identifying the problem
  2. Generate alternative solutions
  3. Evaluate alternatives and select a solution
  4. Implement and evaluate the solution chosen

Explain bounded rationality (non-rational model of decision-making)

Decision-makers are restricted by a variety of constraints when making decisions. Satisficing (choosing solution that meets minimum qualifications) instead of optimizing.

What is the difference between position power and personal power?

Position power is when the source of influence is associated with a particular job or position in the organization. Personal power is when one possesses power independent of a position or a job.

Name two types of personal power

  • Referent power = when personal characteristics are the reason for others' compliance.
  • Expert power = when an individual possesses valued knowledge or information.

Name 3 types of position power

  • Legitimate power = when managers obtain compliance because of their formal authority
  • Reward power = when compliance is obtained through rewards
  • Coercive power = the ability to make threats of punishment and actually deliver them.

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