Groundwater Flow - Permeability, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity
6 important questions on Groundwater Flow - Permeability, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity
Explain when permeability (k) and hydraulic conductivity (K) need to be used in flow velocity calculations. For which of these terms is turtuosity important?
(Intrinsic) Permeability (k) is a measure of how well a porous medium is able to transmit a fluid moving through the pores. Hence, the connectivity of the pores is important, as well as the tortuosity of the pore network. Intrinsic permeability is independent of fluid properties such as density and viscosity and has units of [Length2].
When fluid properties are taken into account to do flow velocity calculations (e.g. for systems where saline intrusion occurs), hydraulic conductivity (K) needs to be used instead of intrinsic permeability which can be derived from
permeability, fluid viscosity and density.
How can hydraulic conductivity be calculated using intrinsic permeability (k), density of water(rho-w), dynamic viscosity of water (mu) and the gravitational constant? Give a formula.
This is of particular
importance/relevance when dealing
with systems in which saline
groundwater occurs, very hot fluids
(hydrothermal systems), or
hydrocarbon bearing systems
List in order of high to low K values? Gglacial deposits, shale, fluvial deposits, limestone, igneous and metamorphic rocks (fractured and unfractured)sandstone, mudstone, volcanic tuff. Can you give a reason why?
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What is the influence of heterogeneity and isotropy on hydraulic conductivity (K) and thus might they affect flow?
How do fault zones influence hydrogeology? Think back about the morning practical of Geo 401 from Dani and the model with red fluid she showed.
Generally fault zones can be expected to behave to a degree as conduit-barrier systems. It is important to consider the fault as a hydrogeological unit with a certain volume
Comparison with field data problematic
What do topography, compaction and density contrasts have in common considering GW flow?
• Topography
- Water tables that follow the topography develop with sufficient
recharge
- transient topography, e.g. glaciation, mountain building
• Compaction
- at depth in geologically young subsiding sedimentary basins
• Density contrasts
- coastal areas cope with saline intrusion, e.g. Dutch lowland
- sea-level fluctuations- (some types of contaminants)
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