Summary: Ppts

Read the summary and the most important questions on PPTS

• 1 Introduction Lecture

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• Explain the process of individual ethical decision-making behavior.

  Moral awareness (the ability to detect and appreciate the ethical aspects of a decision that one must make)
  -> ethical judgment (e.g. McDonald's invests in Employee Skills and Animal Rights)
  -> ethical behavior (e.g. honesty, integrity, fairness, and a variety of other positive traits)

• What is cognitive bias?

  An umbrella term that refers to the systematic ways in which the context and framing of information influence individuals' judgment and decision-making.

• 2 Prescriptive Approaches & Ethics and the Individual

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• What are the three prescriptive approaches?

  The consequentialist theory, the deontological theory, and the focus on virtue ethics.

• Explain deontological theories (duties, obligations, principles).

  The decisions are based upon abstract universal principles: honesty, promise-keeping, fairness, rights, justice, respect. Focus on doing what's "right" (consistent with these principles) rather than doing what will maximize societal welfare (as in utilitarianism).

• Explain integrity (virtue ethics).

  Acting with integrity means understanding, accepting, and choosing to live in accordance with one's principles, which will include honesty, fairness, and decency.
  
  
  
  the character is defined by one's community

• What is cognitive moral development about?

  It refers to the cognitive process of how a person reasons about ethical situations.

• Give an example of a barrier to fact gathering.

  Overconfidence

• 3 Culture and Ethics in Asian Business Relations & Doing Business in China

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• What is Individualism (IDV) versus collectivism in Hofstede's dimensions?

  In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies, people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchange for loyalty.

• What is Masculinity (MAS) versus femininity in Hofstede's dimensions?

  
  

  • High score (Masculine): society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational life.
    
  • Low score (Feminine): the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A Feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable.
    
  • The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (Masculine) or liking what you do (Feminine).
    

• What is Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) in Hofstede's dimensions?

  The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these.