Basic Operations
12 important questions on Basic Operations
What are the key issues in all pharmaceutical preparations?
2Volume measuring
3 Dissolving and mixing
4Checking of each step
5Accuracy and precision
6Measurement uncertainty
You should check each step
What is minimum weight (Mmin)
We have to stick to the minimum weight
its a scale interval of 100D
Analytical balance has a minim of 200X
Volume measurment: How to exact determination of a defined volume of a liquid?
§ Graduated measuring cylinders
- Usually volume to deliver (aqueous)
- Read out at eye level
§ Graduated pipettes
- Calibrated to dispense water
- Volume read out at eye level, at bottom of meniscus
More accurant than measuring cylinders
§ Syringes
- Practical for small volumes (<2 ml)
- For dilutions of parenteral administration (ward) - Non-aqueous fluids
Used for smaller amounts
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What is not fit for volume measurement?
Erlenmeyer flasks
Medicine bottles
Why particle size reduction?
Paracetamol (180), paracetamol (45)
For uniformity of content, dose accuracy
Equal particle size for mixing
Smooth appearance (in dermal preparations)
Look what you should use and stick with that
Sometimes we have to reduce the particle size ( in mortal)
How to particle size reduction?
§ No smaller particles than around 50 micrometer
Electronically by milling
§ Micronisation
What is the disadvantage of small particles?
so if we have agglomerate we have to break them
How to mix powders?
2In metal mortar (or smooth stone mortar)
3Start with smallest quantity of substance
4Mix 1:1 with other substance
5Continue 1:1 mixing (doubling-up method)
To get good mixing we have to mix the same amount together 1:1 mixing
So if we have to mix a small amount with a large amount we do it in steps
How to mix fatty substances?
Not too tough
(Stir together in mortar (with pestle))
Tough substances (high viscosity)
(Gently warm in metal mortar on water bath
Stir with pestle)
Can usually be mixed but a bit tough so ... Make it .... And then mix it
Non-directly weighable quantities
>Prepare larger batch, reject what is not dispensed ( cost money)
§ Best procedure
§ Economically unattractive
>Dilution (liquid)
>Trituration (solid)
Sometimes we need a big amount of API
There are two approches
What is dispersion agglomerates?
How to dispersing agglomerates?
In mortar with pestle
Squeeze lumps gently
Deagglomerate
§ Mix with solid excipient
- Colloidal anhydrous silica (Aerosil®), lactose
Disperse in liquid or semi-solid medium
§ Cream base, propylene glycol
§ Always 1:1 mixing, one by one
Using a rotor-stator mixer
§ For larger volumes
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
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- 100% sure, 100% understanding
