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Specific Principles

20 important questions on Specific Principles

Natural resource productivity (Section 8.4)

Quantity of good or service (outcome) that is obtained through the expenditure of unit natural resource.

Stationary economy (Section 8.4)

the final stage of economic development in which economic growth comes to an end, and an equilibrium between an economy and its natural resource base sets in.

Steady state economy (Section 8.4)

An economy in equilibrium with its environment
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Common property resource (also called common-pool resource) (Section 8.5)

A type of good consisting of a natural or human-made resource system (e.g. an irrigation system or fishing grounds), whose size or characteristics makes it costly, but not impossible, to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from its use. Unlike pure public goods, common pool resources face problems of congestion or overuse, because they are subtractable.

Emission rights (synonym of pollution allowance) (Section 8.5)

Government-issued permit to emit a certain amount of a pollutant. The holder of the permit may use it to pollute legally, may trade permits, or may sell the permit for a profit.

Environmental liability (Section 8.5)

Obligation based on the principle that a polluting party should pay for any and all damage caused to the environment by its activities.

Environmental security (Section 8.5)

The relative public safety from environmental dangers caused by natural or human processes due to ignorance, accident, mismanagement or design and originating within or across national borders.

Intergenerational justice (Section 8.5)

The notion that the current use of nature and the environment should not harm future generations, an intuition that all individuals should have an equal right to use the natural environment.

Legal standing for other organisms (Section 8.5)

The notion that there should be respect for other organisms and that it is right to preserve the integrity of the biotic community or members thereof.

Tradable permits (Section 8.5)

Rights to sell and buy actual or potential pollution in artificially created markets.

Carrying capacity (Section 8.6)

Number of people the can be sustained indefinitely on a particular area of land at specified levels of production, consumption and technology.

Critical load (Section 8.6)

Quantitative value regarding exposure to pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified elements of the environment do not occur according to current knowledge.

Ecosystem health (Section 8.6)

The extent to which an ecosystem is in natural equilibrium.

Industrial ecology (Section 8.6)

Concept that uses the metaphor of metabolism to analyze production and consumption by industry, government, organizations and consumers, and the interactions between them. It involves tracking energy and material flows through industrial systems, e.g. a plant, region, or national or global economy.

Industrial metabolism (Section 8.6)

The total use of materials and energy throughout an entire industrial process. This includes the source, transportation, use, reuse, recycling, and disposal of all industrial nutrients (materials) as well as the energy needed at each step.

Nature compensation (Section 8.6)

Taking measures that compensate for the expected loss of (protected) nature caused by disturbing human activities.

Acceptable risk (Section 8.7)

Level of risk that is considered tolerable in a given situation.

Precautionary principle (Section 8.7)

Principle to be used in decision making that under conditions of uncertainty, abatement and similar measures should not necessarily wait until there is certainty about a given risk if there are indications of grave and, especially irreversible effects.

Social dilemma (Section 8.7)

A collective action situation in which there is a conflict between individual and collective interest

Social constructivism (Section 8.7)

A social theory according to which groups collectively construct knowledge, such as environmental problems.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Principles of Environmental Sciences

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