Memory & Language
15 important questions on Memory & Language
Evidence for consolidation - ribot 1881/bayley et al 2006
control - intact hippocampus so memory for recent events is greater and tails off further back in time
amnesic patients - memory for recent events worse than those further back in time.
tested on news events
hippocampal/MTL activation decreases over time, other areas increase activity
What does the multiple trace theory/transformation hypotheses state?
episodic/contextual memory features are hippocampus-dependent forever
recollection of episodic leads to re-encoding in new memory traces across hippocampus
different representations interact, change and used in different contexts
NOTE: EPISODIC = HIPPOCAMPUS ALWAYS INVOLVED/RECALL EVENTS REPRESENTATION BECOMES MORE FLUID
Reconsolidation implications for PTSD
BRUNET ET AL 2008 - drugs to ptsd patients after reminder of event. emotional and physiological responses to event a week later were reduced. (beta blocker)
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Reconsolidation - chan & lapaglia 2013
recall more distorted than those who had to do an irrelevant distractor task before testing.
Thomson and tulving 1970 - encoding specificity
either a free recall test or test with cues
better recall if cues relating to the learnt words are present at recall
Godden & baddeley 1975 - context-dependent memory
learned list of words either under water or on land.
recall was better when recalling in same environment as learning stage.
Context-dependent memory - Eich 1980
recall is better when moods are the same during encoding and recalling
internal environment affected by: caffeine/wine/weed/mood
LINK to the study I did where you identify items as pleasant/unpleasant at encoding. affects recall when giving contextual meaning.
Schacter, addis and bucknor 2008
memory is constructive and flexible to helps us imagine the future
Race et al 2011 - memory for the future
amnesic patients do not lack imagination - they matched for controls on this - they just need an additional cue to prompt them as memory is impaired.
tulving 1985 found that amnesic patients are unable to anticipate the future.
Amnesic patients and procedural memory
Spiers et al 2001 - 0/147 cases showed impairments in skill learning
performance decreases over time with practice.
Procedural memory - cavaco et al 2004
time spent per trial was greater for amnesic patients every time and the amnesic group scored significantly lower on each test.
but tasks are artificial and lack ecological validity.
What is repetition priming?
normally in tact in amnesic patients.
What is perceptual priming?
visual similarity between prime and target
schott et al 2006 - imaging healthy adults suggests distinct processes and brain regions. MTL and PFC activated for remembered words but not for primed words.
Perceptual priming and amnesia
free recall/cued recall (recall words starting with these letters: ME)/stem completion (say a word coming to mind for these letters: ME).
controls performed better in free and cued recall.
amnesic better at completion but not significant.
shows priming aids recall in amnesic patients. unable to recall lists without cues.
What is semantic/conceptual priming?
intact in HM and LH. impaired in alzheimer's - keane et al 1995
amnesic patients showed intact conceptual priming (MTL damage) - impaired declarative memory
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