Interviewing and Interrogation
16 important questions on Interviewing and Interrogation
Research interruption interview?
- eyewitnesses interrupted on average 11 times, the person is not left free to recall the information.
- shifting in the attention
- tendency to become quick, it needs to be done fast and doesnt allow the recalling of the crime.
- closed questions/answer formal: retrieval information reduced by 19%, field study means the data was found in real situations. imbalance in the questions that were asked.
- eyewitnesses become passive
- misleading questions: misinformation, can affect how we recall an event.
Steps stepwise interview
2. Ask to recall two specific and emotional events
3. Invitation to tell the truth (distinction truth-lie; suggestibility)
4. Introduction of the target topic
5. Free Recall
6. General Questions
7. Specific questions (not misleading) and possible helping tools (dolls, drawings, etc)
8. Closure
Stepwise step : rapport building?
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Stepwise step: invitation to tell the truth
Stepwise step: closure?
Structred: cognitive interview? Fisher geiselman
- Cognitive interview ( another children interview and adults)
General principles: Multiple trace theory (Bower, 1967): Memory can be cued by several means. Encoding specificity hypothesis (Tulving & Thomson, 1973): Overlap between retrieval cue and encoded information
Structred: cognitive interview steps: free recall
- free recall recreating, take the witness back tot the place. mentaly reinstate the crime scene. create an image or impression of the environment. comment any emotional; reaction or feeling at the time sounds smells etc.
To reinstate context, invite the witness to close his or her eyes and place himself or herself back at the scene.
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•Physical and mental reconstruction of the scene
•Create an image or impression of the environment
•Comment any emotional reaction or feeling at the time
•Sounds, smells, etc.
Structred: cognitive interview step: open ended narraton?
- open-ended narration: interviewer van look for more informatio and help to recall more information. like opened and follow up questions to clarify things. Allow the person to say that they dont know something. guided to reconstruct.
Open-ended and follow-up questions Allowing “I do not know” responses Guided by the interviewee’s account
Structred: cognitive interview steps
- Second free recall same as 2 but diffrent perspective, narration in opposite order. two types of recalling, asking to recall different perspective like if it was the suspect. second is recalling in opposite order.
Same as Phase 2 but: Different Perspective Narration in opposite order
Structred: cognitive interview step: closure
.STRUCTURED Interview (Koehnken eT AL., 1994)
1. Rapport building
2. Free Recall: No Recreating original event context
3. Open-ended narration: No mental images
4. Second Free Recall
5. Closure
.Statement Validity Analysis (SVA; Undeutsch, 1967; Steller & Koehnken, 1989
The recall of traumatic events (really experienced) is qualitatively different from the fantasies and lies.
1. CRITERIA-BASED CONTENT ANALYSIS (CBCA)
2. VALIDITY CHECKLIST
.1. CRITERIA-BASED CONTENT ANALYSIS (CBCA; Steller & Köhnken, 1989)
Analysis of the written narratives by looking not only at the specific information of the event, but also to the narrative characteristics of the narrative
Different criteria in 4 areas (absent/present/strongly absent/strongly present):
General characteristics
Specific information of the event
Content peculiarity
Information related to motivation
(in addition, specific elements of the crime)
.Validity Checklist (CV; Raskin & Esplin, 1991)
Presence of criteria reduces the accuracy of the statement (contrary to the CBCA)
Different categories:
Psychological features of the interviewee
Features of the interview
Motivational factors
Investigative questions
Crituqe reid technique
Dubious training effects of deception detection (Maan et al., 2004)
Oppressive technique
Critique: this interrogation tool based on the idea that the person will be able to detect that the suspect is lying or not when we get confession we can say if it is true or not. research has shown that wide amount our ability to detect is quite poor. in order help this problems the peace technique was created.
Intergation peace technique?
- the peace technique: based on five steps it is an anagram of the phases. 1. preparation and planning
3. account
4. closure
- evaluation
research has shown that it is very reliable 63% confession is obtained. 92%who did not display competence in this failed to obtain a comprehensive account of events or a confession from the subjects, half of the suspects confessed even though the interrogation skills were considered less than satisfactory.
both for adults
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