MEMORY DISTORTIONS - False memories AND Eyewitness testimony
26 important questions on MEMORY DISTORTIONS - False memories AND Eyewitness testimony
.what are omission erros?
Commission errors/false memories?
Ted talk elizabeth loftus
men was convicted the victim was sure he was it. but the real rapist was found. The man started a law suit and died of a heart attack. allot of people are convicted on a false memory. The car experiement, witnesses told that the cars drove harder than they did. people have difficulty with recognising people. when you give them mis information there memory gets disorientated. contamination of our memory is this called. most of these situation involve a psycho therapy like imagination or hypnosis, exposure to false information etc.
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What kind of false memories are therE?
- spontaneous: arise without a assumption or suggestion. the are caused by the subject.
- Suggestive: pressure and suggestion.
.Pictures and Videos (e.g., Moritz et al., 2006; Peters et al., 2013)
spontaenous false memories?
Pictures and videos: similar to the drm paradigm, researcher vcreated a more stimuli like videos and pictures. It also works in fases, in th efirst the watch pictures related to each other. After that they show a picture similar, but it was not present at phrase 1, but people still remembered it. The studies found that people had a tendency to also report the unshowed picture.
Why do we have spontanoues false memories?
Fuzzy Trace Theory (Brainerd et al., 2008
Associative-activation Theory (Howe et al., 2009)
- Fuzzy trace theory, brainerd et al 2088: when we encode we encode the gist trace and verbatim trace. Gist is our general information about a subject, but the verbatim is about the situation. This theory argues the verbatim traces are the ones that fade quickly because we have more traces for the gist.
- Associative theory, howe et al 2009: memorie works like a network of nodes because of spready activation we can also activate some nodes that we never experienced, these are false.
Suggestive false memories?Misinformation Paradigm (Loftus et al., 1978)
Misinformation paradigm loftus, 1978
3 phases, the first one we encode pictures or a video after the encoding they are exposed to misinformation, false information about the first event. This is a narrative or suggestive question) after that they are asked to recall the event. people reported the false information allot of times.A high amount of participant also said they said something different than they saw
Suggestive false memories luftis and pickrell, memory implementation?
Loftus and pickrell 1995
The memory is entirely fictief. This is most common with children. In first phase they call the parents, the child is interviewed about the event that didnt happen. the parents needed to tell the children they were lost in mall etc. 30% of children say they remember. Even UVO abduction was implantated.
Suggestive false memory: crashing memory
Crashing memory crombag er al 1996
can we create memories for traumtic events, participants have to recall a plane crash. after suggesting people said having seen pictures they didnt get show
Suggestive false memories: rumor mongering.
False rumers can lead to false memories.
.suggestive false memories :Forced Confabulation (Ackil & Zaragoza, 1998)
The researchers tried to replicate a person under interrogation doesnt remember the details of events. Is forced to remember. The interviewer tries to force it. In the first phase they watch a video, after that they need to answer some questions but some questions werent present in the video. participants again implanted false memories. SO even forcing can alter our memory
Suggestive false memories: imagination inflation
In first part particpants have to perform some actions, after that they need to remember them and some new ones, after that can they recognize which they performed in the first phase.
Suggestive false memories false feedback
Researcher tries to understand that we are prone to recall false memories. They asked participants to recall something, they were said that a computer could track there preference for food in childhood. the participants dnt want the food that got them sick during childhood that the computer said.
Theories for suggestive memories: source monitoring framework Johson et al.
Source monitoring framework johnson et al 1993: why are we prone to have false memories.confsuoj for the sources of the diffrecnt memrory traces, we do not know the sources, the sources are known for their own charactitic. these charactics can be the same for false memories and true memories.
What are the variables that effect our memory?
System Variables
Post-diction Variables
Estimator variable: own race bias
1.56 times greater for other-race
Holistic vs. analytic processes
- own race bias
Estimator bias stress
- stress
A high level of stress decreads the accuracy of the culprit identification and in the recollection of the event. The curve tells us that increase arousal we can not perform the task, stress is also a arousal so we cant perfom a task. - weapon focus effect
Estimator bias: focus on weapons
- Focus on weapons makers harde to recall thee other elemts of the crime
Modest impairment on identification, larger on description accuracy (Steblay, 1992) Mixed results from field studies (Tollestrup et al., 1994; Valentine et al., 2003)
Focus on the weapon makes harder to recall of other crime-related details (Loftus et al., 1987
Estimator bias exposure duration
- exposre duration
correct identification from 12s to 45s but when target-absent mistaken identifications remained high
Estimator bias: retention interval
retention interval
The high the interval of time between the crime and its recollection the lower the accuracy, we forget fast after the encoding, so we forget the high majority.
Estimator bias: Disguise, Non-transformed faces more accurately recognizable (Shapiro & Penrod, 1986)
- Disguise
- Intoxication level
Estimator bias: intoxication level.
- Intoxication level
System variables: interviewing witnesses
- interviewing witnesses
System varaibles: identification of the suspect?
- identification of the suspect
Post diction variables:
correlation, associating is around 41 quite low., different factors can affect the relationship between accuracy-confindance.
Post diciton variables: response latency
.the time we need to recall an event. we need around 10-12 sec to recall correct other research says 5-29 we know for sure in less 5 sec we are not be able to make a correct correlation of the event.
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