Introduction of Malingering; Lying and Memory
16 important questions on Introduction of Malingering; Lying and Memory
Frencency lies in legal context?
this is very complicated, sometimes we realise eventually that people provide false info in other situations the person stays consistent. we know the false denials is used with offender 56% , victims we have no percentage, we have opposing results on victims. some say that victims deny for 50% other said higher percentage similar to offenders. Huge debtas on the percentage. because it is strictly on sexual abuse with children. deniers in victims usually victim of sexual crime.
False denials in offenders? And feigned amnesia?
56% in offenders
Very common also in victims
Feigned Amnesia:
30% in offenders
Why do offenders give false denials and feigned amnesia?
To provide a false alibi
To protect him/herself or someone
To interfere with the police investigation and trial proceeding
To avoid the re-experience of traumatic feelings
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Does lying effect peoples memory
Each deceptive strategy has a unique impact on memory (e.g., Ackil & Zaragoza, 2011; Gombos et al., 2012; Mangiulli et al., 2018; Otgaar et al., 2016; Polage, 2004; 2012; Viera & Lane, 2013)
What is the effect of false denial on the memory
- denial induced forgetting
- forgetting the event
What are the effects of feigned amnesia on the memory
ommission and comission
What is the effect of fabrication on the memory?
effects on beliefs.
Studies on false denials and memory Pioneering work by Vieira & Lane (2013)
Several pictures of objects
Lying phase:
Describe or deny the objects studied and new
Honest memory phase:
Memory for lying
Memory for the items
.Investigation with crime-related stimuli by Otgaar and colleagues
- Encoding phase:
Video of a crime
-Baseline memory phase
-Lying phase:
Simulated police interview (denials vs truth)
Denial-Induced Forgetting (DIF; Otgaar et al., 2014): Forgetting not for memory for the crime but for the interview
Study false denial and memory Batista et al
Replicated Denial-Induced Forgetting in simple situation
In complex situation, false denials can lead to memory undermining for the crime (i.e., less correct details and more commissions)
encoding phase -> baseline memory ->lying phase ->
Replicated Denial-Induced Forgetting in simple situation
In complex situation, false denials can lead to memory undermining for the crime (i.e., less correct details and more commissions)
Studies on feigned amnesia and memory
encoding phase -> lying phase
Those who feigned amnesia less able to subsequently recall the crime -omissions or commissions depending on the instructions
one group truth one group liars.
Study frabrication and memory ackil and zaragoza?
Encoding phase:
Video
Lying phase:
Tell the truth vs People forced to response even when no memory
Those who self-generated (fabricated) questions were more prone to recall their own self-generated information commissions
What are other studies on fabrication?
Chrobak & Zaragoza (2008; 2012) replicated these results also after 8 weeks
Riesthuis et al. (2022) found that motivation (high vs low) to lie does not influence the typical mnemonic effects of fabrication
Battista et al. (2021b) investigated whether fabricating can have different memory outcomes based on the difficulty to lie and found that fabricating in simple situation can have detrimental effect on the memory for the interview
Why does lying undemrine the memory
Inhibition processes
Source Monitoring Framework
Memory and Deception Framework
.SOURCE MONITORING FRAMEWORK (SMF; Johnson et al., 2013)
Evaluation of various sources of information by judging the memory characteristics (e.g., perceptual, contextual, affective) of these sources
When an imagined event shares similarities with memories for a real event, difficulty to distinguish between the two sources of information
Practical implications from the source monitoring framework?
1. To accept statements made by liars as reliable and true just because they come forward with the truth
2. Wrongful convictions because of statements
3. To conduct erroneous interrogation trying to unveil information that will never be retrieved
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