L9: Trans fatty acids and health
27 important questions on L9: Trans fatty acids and health
What are the 2 ways in which trans fatty acids are created?
- during partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils
What is the difference between trans fats and cis fats?
What do trans fatty acids and unsaturated fats have in common in their proporties?
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What are the the 2 main forms of trans faty acids created by ruminant animals?
conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
What does the ∆t mean in the notation of fatty acids?
What is the main form of transfat created by industry?
What kind of trans fatty acids are the substantial source of C16:1t?
What is the effect of extra 5g trans fatty acids per day on coronary heart disease?
What is the evidence of replacing 2 en% of carbohydrate with 2 en% of trans fatty acids on CHD?
Which outcome is mainly associated with industrial trans fatty acid intake>?
Name 2 sources of trans fatty acids
butter
What is the 2 conclusions of the Weggemans review study about observational studies industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids on coronary heart disease?
2. Intake of ruminant trans fatty acids is low, association of ruminant trans fatty acids with heart disease in observational studies is unclear
What is the effect on Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol if you:
Replace industrial trans fatty acids with saturated fatty acids (SAFA)?
LDL cholesterol: goes up
HDL cholesterol: goes up
So SAFA is worse for total and LDL cholesterol than TFA, but better for HDL cholesterol
What is the effect on Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol if you:
Replace industrial trans fatty acids with mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids?
LDL-cholesterol: goes down
HDL-cholesterol: goes up
So replacing industrial TFA with unsaturated fatty acids is good for total, ldl and hdl cholesterol
What is the effect on Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol if you:
Replace industrial trans fatty acids with carbohydrates?
LDL: goes down
HDL: goes up
So its better to take carbohydrates in stead of industrial TFA for total, ldl and hdl cholesterol
What is the effect on Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol if you:
Replace ruminant trans fatty acids with saturated fatty acids (SAFA)?
LDL: goes down
HDL: goes up
So replacing ruminant FA with SAFA is better for total and hdl cholesterol
What is the effect on Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol if you:
Replace ruminant trans fatty acids with poly and mono unsaturated fats or carbohydrates?
LDL: goes down
HDL: goes up
So replacing ruminant FA with unsaturated FA or carbohydrate is better for all cholesterol
What is the overall conclusion on the effect on LDL cholesterol of trans fatty acids?
How was the action taken to remove the amount of trans fat from foods?
What was denmarks policy on trans fats in foods? What was the effect?
The amount of trans fats in foods went to almost zero from 2001 to 2005
What is the policy in the USA about trans fats?
in 2018 products in grocery stores had to have no PHOs anymore in them. This is the end of a 3 year time to remove them from the products (industry was given 3 years to remove them)
What is the intake of tfa in the netherlands?
What are the guidelines for transfats in the EU/Netherlands?
How did the law on transfats in products change in the EU/Netherlands?
What happens with foods that do not comply to the law of transfats in the EU/Netherlands?
What is the goal of the WHO around trans fats?
What is the effect of ruminant trans fat (CLA) and industrial trans fat on HDL, LDL and trig int he wageningen trial?
they do have different effect on TRIG, CLA has less effect on increasing TRIG
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