L5 & L8: Issues in nutrition research 1 and
18 important questions on L5 & L8: Issues in nutrition research 1 and
What is the difficulty in choosing a control group with nutrition studies on macronutriënts?
What is the difficulty in choosing a control compound for whole diet studies? What is often done in this occasion?
placebo is not possible
imposible to not include the active compound in the control group
often the adherence is used as a control
The control group will often not get the advice of the whole diet, so will not adhere to this diet. This is then used as a control.
What is the difficulty of interpreting a result of a diet on a health outcome in cohort studies?
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If an increase in kcal intake a day would lead to higher coronary heart disease in cohort studies, how could this be explained?
it might be due to people with higher kcal intake have a higher physical activity level, this leads to a decrease in coronary heart disease
What are advantages and disadvantages to RCT and prospective cohort studies?
Prospective cohort: real life effect, greater statistical power (more people)
a lot of confounding
What does nutritional status mean?
Nutritional status can range from undernourished to overnourished
Why should we measure nutritional status? Name 4 reasons
- to rank people according to status and link to health outcomes
- identify people at risk
- we use indicators to make health interventions
What 5 types of nutritional status measures are there?
Biomarkers
Clinical measures and bodily functions
Dietary assessment and intake
Energy expenditure and physical activity
How do you investigate the diet-health relationship?
What is the benefit of measuring biomarkers in longitudinal studies next to diet?
In longitudinal studies, we can use validated questionnaires to measure the dietary intake of the people.
With dietary assessment tools, its prone to misreporting. Random error can easily occur because the day-today intake varies a lot.
Name 2 self-reported retrospective dietary assessment tools
24-hour recalls
Name 2 prospective dietary assessment tools
weighed food records
What do you have to take into account when using dietary assessment tools to collect data about peoples diet?
Its best to report over multiple days and take the average of this to get a good estimate of the average intake.
We can also include more people when we want to know the population average
What is a random error and a systematic error in nutritional assessment methods?
Systematic error: Underreporting and overreporting and underestimating portion sizes
You can ask to weight the portion sizes to more accurately know. But it can be burdonsome.
What 2 type of biomarkers are being used in nutritional research? Give 3 examples of both.
- protein: nitrogen in 24h urine sample. Its not always suitable to use, its invasive measure and only from last 24 hours.
- folate: blood serum folate levels: good reflection of 24 hour intake
- vitamin D: blood plasma of 25(OH)D levels (not valid for dietary vitamin D intake)
biomarker of disease
- plasma fasting glucose levels
- plasma cholesterol/triglycerides
What is the benefit of using biomarkers for diseases as endpoint in stead of the disease?
and can take a long follow up time
What are two advantages of using the FFQ?
- good tool to use in large study as it has a lower burden for the researcher and subject
What are two disadvantages of using the FFQ?
- not suitable for cross-country studies
- restricted to items that are on the questionnaire
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