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Emotions - BN Attention

14 important questions on Emotions - BN Attention

Role of noise masks between scenes

This masking pattern does not directly cover any of the changes between the two scenes, but it does have the effect of capturing attention.

Thus, this makes it less likely that your attention will be grabbed by the transient visual signals associated with the changed objects themselves. Makes it harder to spot the change

Damage to V1 - Small, Unilateral, Total destruction

Causes blindness in the region of the visual field represented by the affected area of cortex.

Small - scotoma (i.e., a small patch of blindness) in one hemifield

Unilateral - cause blindness in the whole of the contralateral visual field (an homonymous hemianopia)

Total destruction of V1 - Result in complete cortical blindness (i.e., an absence of conscious vision in both visual fields)

What visual capacities do patients preserve in blindsight?

Pupillary reflexes
Manual and saccadic localisation
Wavelength and motion discrimination

Petrimetric testing in blindsight

Patient DB was required to detect small spots of light and had to indicate when he saw the spots. He was unaware of visual stimuli that fell within the black area. He was above chance of getting it right when the spot did fall into the black area.

Petrimetric testing in blindsight - What does it show?

Even though someone might not be conscious, brain is able to orient towards that visual info and use it to guide decision making

Who did the experiment on selective attention? What did he want to find out?

Helmholtz - Flashed torchlight to a particular part of the screen and attended covertly to that part of the screen

Wanted to determine how much visual info can be processed following brief glimpses

What did Posner find? How have the results been interpreted?

Participants were faster to respond to targets at validly cued than neutral or invalidly cued locations.

These results have been interpreted as indicating that attention enhances the rate of information processing at attended relative to unattended locations

Goldberg's experiment findings

Rather than giving a uniform response to all visual stimuli presented within their receptive fields, parietal neurons change their rate of firing according to the attentional demands of the task.

What is change blindness? What does it suggest?

Observers fail to detect substantial changes in visual objects and scenes across saccades, eye blinks, movie cuts and even shifts of attention.

Suggests there is a limit to the amount of visual information that can be encoded, maintained and compared across successive glimpses, contrary to our subjective impressions.

Damage to the parietal lobe - When does it occur? How do patients behave?

Unilateral Spatial Neglect - Behave as if one half of the world has simply ceased to exist, and they have no awareness of their impairment

Occurs after damage to one side of the brain (usually the right hemisphere)

Who experiences spatial neglect?

Most frequently encountered in patients with stroke-induced lesions of the right hemisphere, particularly when the damage involves the inferior parietal lobule (IPL).

Other brain areas: superior temporal gyrus (STG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and middle frontal gyrus (MFG).

Can patients who suffer from spatial neglect experience unconscious processing of neglected information? If so, how?

Yes.

Question: ‘If you had to choose, in which house would you prefer to live?’

For trials in which the flames were on the right, the patient always indicated the house without the flames as the one in which she would prefer to live, saying she wouldn’t want to live in a house that was burning down

Can patients who suffer from spatial neglect process the neglected stimulus unconsciously? If yes, why?

Yes.

Damage to the parietal cortex impairs selective attention, and so patients remain unaware of perceptual inputs on their affected side.

But the object recognition pathways continue to function normally, processing object identity without the patient’s explicit knowledge.

Spatial neglect - What happens when attention is drawn to omissions?

They seem to regain some consciousness for that part of the world that they were oblivious to a moment before

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Emotions - BN Attention

14 important questions on Emotions - BN Attention

Role of noise masks between scenes

Damage to V1 - Small, Unilateral, Total destruction

What visual capacities do patients preserve in blindsight?

Petrimetric testing in blindsight

Petrimetric testing in blindsight - What does it show?

Who did the experiment on selective attention? What did he want to find out?

What did Posner find? How have the results been interpreted?

Goldberg's experiment findings

What is change blindness? What does it suggest?

Damage to the parietal lobe - When does it occur? How do patients behave?

Who experiences spatial neglect?

Can patients who suffer from spatial neglect experience unconscious processing of neglected information? If so, how?

Can patients who suffer from spatial neglect process the neglected stimulus unconsciously? If yes, why?

Spatial neglect - What happens when attention is drawn to omissions?

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