Cluster 2: Property law - Transfer of property rights

13 important questions on Cluster 2: Property law - Transfer of property rights

How do you become an owner of an object?

1. Res nullius: if the object has no owner and you take possession of it you become the owner.
2. Creation: creating an object will make you he owner of the tangible object
3. Transference of an object

What are the three constitutive requirements for a transfer of property?

1. Causa: valid title or reason for transfer which makes sure that the property only changes owner if it is intented to be transferred. . Most often this is
-a sales contract,
- gift or
- court order.   

2. Power to dispose: if ownership is transferred there has to be an ownership; you cannot transfer more than you have.

3. Delivery: handing over the possession of the
-  object (movables) or
- notarial deed (immovables. IP rights) in the public land registrry.    
- claims via notification

What are the 3 kinds of delivery? Give examples.

1. Movables:  posession you hand over physically.
- sometimes deed + registration for  movables f.e. Cars.

2. Immovables: deed + registration. For a house f.e.

3. Claims: notification or deed + registration: notify the person who should pay the money about the transfer so he knows who to pay the dept to.

4. Intellectual property rights: deed (+ registration). Deed shows the IP rights are trasferred. Some IP rights need registration.
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What is the difference between deed and registration?

The deed documents that it is effectively transferred. A deed registrated that a transfer of owners took place; you both sign it for it to become valid so you dont become owner againt your will

registration: change modified to show the new reeality in the land register.

What is the difference between a deed and a contract?

If you write a contract instead of a deed, the contract could be read as the obligation to cooperate to transfer the property right, but it doesnt confirm that the new person is the owner of the new propertyright. A deed says: hereby I make the other person owner.

What does the reservation of ownership clause entail? How does this come into practice?

Reserve the ownership of the object until the full purchase prices has been paid.

Delivery is made by A who has the power to dispose. Without payment, A can reclaim the object because he is still the owner (revindicate)

When is reservation of ownership clause especially useful?

Insolvency and for suppliers

What does the non transferability clause entail?

The object cannot be transferred; ownership is reserved in a manner that you can never become the owner.

On what moment does the ownership move?

The physical situation provides an indication about who is the owner. But in a lot of cacses the actual looks dod not correspond to reality (borrowing). Ownership moves if there is
1. Causa !!! This is important; this makes sure the ownership is only changed upon intention. When you borrow something the causa requirement is not met.
2. power to dispose
3. Delivery

Contracts are regularly about property (renting and leases). Contracts can also allow to use or build on someone else’s property. SO, is it a contractual issue or a property issue?

When does a property issue become property rights? 

If the contract doesnt cover property issues it becomes property rights.

In the contract there can be details about the obligation to transfer. But the transfer itself is part of property rights.

What are contracts about property use that are issues of contract right over property right?

Rents, leasem superficies, rights in rem: registered

How is enforcement of property right protected?

By tort law

What is the distinction of property and tort law? When it there a property aspect (you are the owner and have a claim) but the actual stopping is a tortial action? Why is this a tortial action?

- infringement
- torts in common law and civil law system
- stealing: a tortal action, but taking back your property is a property law action
- someone makes you unable to enjoy property (noise)
- compensation of breakage   

The actual stopping is a tortial action because someone make a tort by continuing harming your property.

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