Internal Control and Fraud

18 important questions on Internal Control and Fraud

What is the Sarbanes-Oxley law?

Devotes itself to increase effectiveness of internal controls, demands that directors take an oath declaring the internal controls are 100% regulated. It was created to promote decent management and prevent scandals

What are the 2 most common types of fraud in business?

1. Misappropriation of assets - employees steal from their boss and put erroneous entries in the book to cover it up
2. Fraudulent financial reporting - company managers make false and misleading entries in the book, to make the company seem financially healthier than it actually is

What is cooking the books?

Entering false financial information into the books
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What are the 3 elements of the fraud triangle?

1. Motive - money or psychological content
2. Opportunity - weak internal control
3. Rationalisation - self-justification

What is the fraud triangle?

The triangle that incorporates the elements necessary to lead to actual fraud

What are the 5 elements of which internal control in a company exists?

1. Control environment - tone of the top
2. Risk assessment - which processes are prone to fraudulence
3. Information systems  - the flow of financial information and where fraud could be committed
4. Control procedures - protocols used to avoid internal fraud
5. Monitoring controls - not a single person can process a transaction without it being checked by another person

What are the 5 control procedures a company can apply?

1. Smart hiring practices and segregation of duties
2. Comparisons and compliance monitoring
3. Adequate records
4. Limited access
5. Proper approvals

What is a budget?

A quantitative plan that helps with checking daily management activities

What is a cash budget?

Budgets purely for cash expenses and cash income for next period

What is the difference between an internal and external audit?

An internal audit checks whether internal policies are followed and if the company complies with the law. External audits check whether the financial statements comply with the valid accounting principles, such as the IFRS standards.

What is exception reporting?

When there is a different between budgets, and the department needs to rebalance and explain the difference.

What is the suspense account?

An account where the cash to bank transactions that have already been deposited but not yet processed are put down. When it then appears on the bank account, the suspense account closes.

What are the 2 sides of of the bank reconciliation suspense account?

1. Bank balance - actual balance
2. Book balance - 'bank account' on the balance sheet

What are the uses of the bank balance?

1. Deposits in transit (outstanding deposits) - you have recorded them but the bank hasn't yet. Add to the bank balance
2. Outstanding cheques - cheques you have recorded, but the bank has not paid yet. Subtract from bank balance
3. Bank errors - depending on error add/subtract correct value

What are the 4 aspects of the corporate governance-policy?

1. Direction - relation between shareholders, stakeholders, board of managers
2. Control - control policy on management
3. Accountability - is the policy legal or not, do they follow the rules - accountants job
4. Supervision - check from neutral perspective

What are the 2 dominant corporate governance-policy structures?

1. Market/Anglo-Saxon model
2. Network/Rhineland model

What are the characteristics of the market corporate governance-policy?

1. External focus
2. Market-oriented policy
3. Lots of different small investors
4. One-tier governance (board and supervisory board are seen as one)
5. Often confrontations between board members and managers
6. Focus on short term strategy

What are the characteristics of the Network corporate governance-policy model?

1. Internal focus
2. Stakeholder-oriented policy
3. Few big investors such as banks
4. Two-tier governance (board and supervisory board are different bodies)
5. Conformity between board members and managers
6. Focus on long-term strategy

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