Pregnancy and parturition
19 important questions on Pregnancy and parturition
There are 2 cases of progesterone production, what are those cases and in which animal does it occur?
Case 1
Progesterone produced by the placenta, in sheep
Case 2
Progesterone produced by the corpora lutea, in pig/goat/cow
What causes that oestrogen dominance occurs and what does oestrogen do?
- oestrogens stimulate the production of PGF2a by the uterus.
- Softening the ligaments
- Increased secretion of viscous mucis
- Lubrication of the birth canal
What happens with foetal mummification?
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What are causes of foetal mortality?
What are environmental factors that cause of embryonic mortality?
- Age
- Feeding
- Timing of insemination
- The intra-uterine environment
- Stress
Which factors affect foetal growth?
Genetic factors
Environmental factors
Endocrine regulation -->
Insulin and IGF-1
What is the first organ that reaches maximal growth and what organs follow?
Which phases are there in prenatal growth and explain them?
foetal phase: Longest period, growth of the foetus, the placenta and the uterus
What are the 4 main functions of the placenta?
- Respiratory organ -> oxygen and carbondioxide
- Exchange of nutrients and metabolites
- Endrocrines
- Immunological barrier
How does the embryo gets oxygen rich blood?
How does 2 parallel blood circulation works in a placenta?
What kind of type of placenta do the horse have?
What is the difference between sheep and cows cotyledones and caruncles?
sheep
: Cotyledones are spherical, caruncles cup shaped
Cow:
Cotyledones are cup shapen and lie over spherical caruncles
What kind of type of placenta do ruminants have?
What is present in the difusse epithelio-chorial placenta of the pig? What is this?
Areaolae:
These are places where the uterine glands empty intro a space between the chorion and the uterine epithelium
What are the 5 types of maternal tissue in direct contact with the chorion and in which animals?
Epithelio-chorial
Horse, pig, ruminants,
6 tissue layers
Syndesmo-chorial
Ruminants,
5 tissue layers
Endothelio-chorial
Carnivores
4 tissue layers
Haemo-chorial
Primates, humans, rodents
3 tissue layers
Haemo-endothelial
Rabbit
1 tissue layer, direct contact with maternal blood
What are the 2 implantation types and what are their functions concerning blastocyst?
Superficial implantation:
-Farm animals, blastocyst remains in the uterine lumen. Blastocyst enlarge before attaching to epithelium of the uterine lumen
Interstitial implantation:
-Human and rodents, blastocyst remain small and implants itseld in a uterine fold of the uterine mucosa
How do the 4 extra embryonic membranes develop?
Originates from the mesoderm and trophoblast that grow over the embryonic disc
Yolk sac:
Already present, endodermal in origin
Chorion:
-Consist of trophoblast and mesoderm
allantois:
Arises from an extension of the yolk sac close to the embryonic disc
Why does the placentation of a horse start around day 37?
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