Reporting Research (APA)
15 important questions on Reporting Research (APA)
What are the components of a research report?
- Title page
- (Preface)
- (Abstract)
- (List of contents)
- Introduction
- Method
- Results
- Conclusion
- Discussion
- Literature list
- Appendices
What items must be included in the title page?
- Theme of the research report (must be clear in one sentence)
- In addition to (a catchy) short title, sometimes include a subtitle
- Needs to indicate the relationship between the variables that have been researched
How to write a strong preface
- Give a personal introduction
- Write in the first person (from your own, personal perspective)
- Include a date and place
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What is a management summary
What are the elements in an introduction?
- State the reason/purpose why the research was done
- Offer a brief situation sketch
- Description of the problem and objective/research goal
What types of research can be named in the introduction?
- Practical research (a problematic situation that occurred)
- Empirical research (literature exploration, theories which form the basis for theoretical expectations)
What is the main goal of an introduction?
- Urgency (usefulness of the research)
- Positioning (your research in relation to previous research)
What are the main components in a method?
- Sample (participants in your research)
- Research design (data collection method) ->which and why?
- Operationalization (how did you make your constructs measurable)
- Analysis procedure/plan (how to analyze and why in this way?)
What defines a good CONCLUSION
- A way to look back on the research
- Repeat problem and objective, and answer the research question
- Link results to questions/hypotheses (what did you find?)
- Not just mention numbers, interpret them
- Give meaning to the results by looking at the purpose of the research
How to write a good DISCUSSION paragraph/chapter
- Own opinion is allowed, but must be supported with argumentation
- Outcomes: what is noticeable/remarkable
- Evaluate (used methods, point out limitations, assess validity)
- Give recommendations: clear, unambiguous, result-oriented, and focused on the research topic
- Is it feasible (i.e. Possible to realize)?
- Implementation advice
- Give suggestions for future research
What are the requirements for a LITERATURE LIST
- In alphabetical order
- With correct layout (APA-style)
- Complete and precise
- References in the text must also be in the reference list
Global additional tips for reporting
- Write logically, make a structured story (use paragraphs)
- APA reference (within the text + separate literature list
- Formal writing style (do not speak in I / we or speak directly to the reader
- Refer to figures, graphs, tables and attachments (you do not refer to something if you did not refer to it in your running text)
- Number the figures, tables, graphs and include this in your reference list
What are APA guidelines
- Report and reference style as created by the American Psychological Association, with instructions on:
- Literature references in text
- Literature list (layout, sequence, content)
- Structure of an article or research report
- Formatting
Rule for references within a text
Examples:
- Research is important (Verhoeven, 2014)
- Research is importante (Verhoeven, 2014, pp. 21-25)
- When more than 2 authors (Verhoeven et al., 2014)
Rules for a reference list
- Sources must ALWAYS be included in the reference list
- Bibliography needs to be in alphabetical order (arranged by last name of the first author)
- If possible: add DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
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