Quantitive Research: background

19 important questions on Quantitive Research: background

What is the difference between a scientist and a empirical scientific research?

1. The scientist likes to be as certain of their case as they can be, so they look very carefully and critically at how to carry out research ..
2. The scientists do no seek to verify and old random statement.

What is empricial research and what are the elements of the wheel of science?

Empirical research is research in which observations are made and/or used or research where data is collected and/or used.

Four elements of wheel of science:
- Theory
-   Hypothesis
- Observations
- Empirical generalization

The cycle of inductive science

1. Observation (try to find regularities and laws)

2. Produce hypotheses to explain these laws (abduction)
3. (in order to test these laws and theories), deduce hypotheses
4. Test these by means of new observations
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What is the process of inductive science within the empirical cycle?

Observation --> generalization --> theory

What is the difference between an observation and experiment?

With observation you study the phenomena in the natural setting. With experiments you create a situation in which the phenomenon is studied.

Why would you choose to use an experiment instead of observation?

- Not all situations can be observed in a natural setting
- You don't always want to wait until something happens

What is the most important advantages of an experimental situation?

The most important advantages is that the researcher can 'create' the phenomenon to be studied at will and can also control the situation in terms of other factors which may affect/distort the measurements.

What is the deductive process in the empirical cycle?

Theory --> hypothesis --> Observations to verify or falsify the hypothesis

What is explorative research and what are the three reasons why you would do this kind of research?

With explorative research we want to find out what is going on in a situation. The focus is on not knowing and wanting to know.

Reasons:
1. To satisfy a researcher's curiosity
2. To test feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study
3. To develop methods to be employed in a subsequent study

What is explanatory research and what question is answered?

Explanatory research, also called causal research is doing research to understand the situation and explain it. After this research we are able to improve things.

Research question answered: WHY

What method/methodology should social sciences follow? 2 possible Answers:

1. Despite the difference in object between the natura! sciences and the social sciences, it is
possible to_use the same research strategies.


2. ➔Be cause of the difference in the object of study, a different approach should be advocated The question is whether the social sciences can use the same logic of research as is usual in
the natural sciences.

Behaviorism (psychology) concentrated mainly on observable behavior. Well-known in this context is the Stimulus-Response model (S-R model)

it was investigated how animals and humans reacted to certain stimuli without wanting to occupy themselves with


for example, mental processes that could
interact between the two, precisely because those mental processes were not accessible for direct
observation. So, there was a real focus on empirically perceptible behavior, just as in natural sciences.

Empirical research is always reductive:

not everything is researched, but only that which is relevant given the theory. This is because social reality is too complex to investigate everything. Researchers make use of the so-called conceptual model.

A (schematic) conceptual model provides an overview of the assumed relationships between certain factors that are considered important in....

explaining a phenomenon. This model forms the starting point for empirical research, which is intended to answer the question of whether or not this model is correct.

The empirical research process

1. Check whether theories are available


2. Making a conceptual model, often in the form of an arrow scheme


3. Testing the conceptual model by means of data collection (making observations)


4. Analysing the collected data leads to certain empirical results that say something about the
theory/conceptual model

A measuring instrument can fail on two important points:

  • lt can be invalid; Example: does it actually measure what it is supposed to measure? Validity of the measuring instrument is often at stake in experiments where there is a tendency to give socially desirable answers.
  • lt is unreliable: If I do the same research with all the same circumstances, will i get the same results? so, then the measuring instrument is reliable. In surveys or interviews people tend to give 'socially desirable' answers, the socially acceptable answers, or the answers they expect the researcher wants to hear.

Translating the theory using the methods of empirical research:

  1. From the defined units of analysis, it is possible to determine more precisely who does and who does not belong to the group to be investigated.
  2. The concepts, the characteristies assigned to the units of analysis, from the conceptual model must be operationalized: they must be converted into measurable varia bles.


The conceptual model can say something about:
  • Causal relations;
  • Consistency between certain phenomena;
  • Differences between groups or situations.

Three basic designs are distinguished for research design

  • The experiment statie research design
  • The survey➔ statie research design
  • The case study focuses on changes over time (focuses on patterns and processes)

Non-equivalent contral group design

we investigate with an experimental group and a control group. The first group will be administered an experimental stimulus. The second group is used to determine whether the experimental stimulus has a certain effect, which does not accidentally occur with others in a control group.

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