Introduction to simple experiments

14 important questions on Introduction to simple experiments

What do we call the principle that questions what the the relation is of the two variables what are the levels of association and how is the balance between the two?

covariance

What principle questions wether the study design ensures that the causal variable comes before the outcome variable in time?

temporal presedence.

What principle questions wether the study design rules out other explanations for the result?

internal validity.
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How do we call a threat to internal validity in the form of confusion about whats causing the change in the dependent variable.

confounds.

How do we call the principle of getting asymmetrical groups as a cause of letting participants choose which group they can be in?

selection effects.

How do you get matched groups?

measure a particular variable that might matter to the dependent variable of all participants. then make pairs of the two highest, the two highest after that etc. randomly divide each pair of participants over the two groups.

What is the difference between an independent-groups design and a within-groups design?

an independent groups design has two groups who are assigned to one of two levels of the independent variable.
a within-groups design has one group which is presented to both levels of the independent variable.

What is the difference between a posttest design, and a pretest/posttest design?

posttest design only tests the dependent variable after test, pretest also tests beforehand.

How do we call a type of design in which participants are measured multiple times on a dependent variable.

repeated measures design.

How do we call a design where participants are exposed to both sides of the independent variable at the same time?

a concurrent measures design.

How do we call the effect which describes the fact that participants can be influenced by exposure to one level of the independent variable in responses on the next level in a within group experiment?

order effects.

What are practice effects?

a type of order effects where a long sequence of exposure might make a subject better at the task or get tired or bored.

What are carryover effects?

a form of order effects where a form of contamination carries over from one condition to the next, drinking orange juice after brushing teeth

How do you call the procedure where researcher avoid order effect by giving each participant a different order of the levels of the independent variable?

counterbalancing.

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