Ethics - pages 34-50

10 important questions on Ethics - pages 34-50

Unethical research
The Milgram Shock Experiment


He conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. Milgram (1963) examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials.

Unethical research
The Thalidomide Tragedy

The thalidomide disaster is one of the darkest episodes in pharmaceutical research history. The drug was marketed as a mild sleeping pill safe even for pregnant women. However, it caused thousands of babies worldwide to be born with malformed limbs.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

In 1932, the Public Health Service, working with the Tuskegee Institute, began a study to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks. It was called the “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.The study became unethical in the 1940s when penicillin became the recommended drug for treatment of syphilis and researchers did not offer it to the subjects.
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What is research-practice continuum?

The process of moving from an initial idea of discovery to practice, and the potential for the idea to influence our lives or world. In th ecourse of moving through this continuum it is likely that many individual  research projects will  be conducted.

Some of these are what might be called basid research and are designed to generate discoveries and to understand their mechanisms better. For discoveries that relate to humans, this is usually followed by a series of applied research projects where the discovery is tested under increasingly controlled conditions with humans.

What is research synthesis?

A research synthesis is a systematic study of multiple prior research projects that address the same research question or topic and summarize the results in a manner that can be used by practitioners.

1.      Evidenced-based practiceA movement to encourage practioners to employ practices that are bases on research evidence.
5 reasons not to handle evidence based. Substitutes


1.Common sense
2.evidence-obsolete knowledge
3.personal experience
4.specialist skills
5.hype   

feasibilitySoon after you get an idea for a study, reality begins to kick in and you begin to think about whether the study is feasible at all. Several major considerations come into play. Many of these involve making trade-offs between rigor and practicality. When you are determining a research project's feasibility, you usually need to bear in mind several practical considerations. Which 4?

·         You have to think about how long the research will take to accomplish

·You have to question whether any important ethical constraints require consideration
·You must determine whether you can acquire the cooperation needed to take the projects to its successfull conclusion.
·You must determine the degree to which the costs will be manageable.

Related guidelings for ethic research

Privacy, anonymity, confidentially, deception, debriefing, right to serve.

Piecemeal and duplicate publication

An ethical issue in the dissemination of research referring to the possibility that, in order to maximize personal reward (status, promotion, pay and such) from publication, a researcher would essentially repackage the results of a single study in multiple articles.

Fairness in publication credit

Authorship credit should be established on the basis of the quality and quantity of one’s contributions to a study, rather than on status, power, or other factor. Many research journals have now adopted guidelines to help authorship groups determine credit.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

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