Summary: Revision Questions

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• 1 Histology

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• What do tissues consist of?

  Tissues consist of cells and extra cellular matrix and are a functional arrangement of similar cells

• How are histological sections prepared for the light and electron microscope?

  Fixation; small pieces of a tissue are placed in a solution to stop degradation and to crosslink proteins
  Dehydration; all water removed
  Clearing; alcohol is removed using solvents in which alcohol and paraffin are soluble 
  Infiltration; the tissue is placed into a mould with melted paraffin
  Trimming; the piece of paraffin is trimmed to expose the tissue

• 2 Bones

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• Which bones of the upper limb can be divided into ossa plana, ossa brevis, ossa longus?

  Ossa plana are thin with broad surfaces, the shoulder blade
  Ossa brevis are cubiodal in shape, the carpus
  Ossa longa are long bones, the clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals and phalanges

• Which bone, radius or ulna, is more attached to the humerus?

  The ulna is more attached to the humerus, as it is at its broadest there and the radius the narrowest at the elbow

• Are the ulna and radius crossed after rotating your hand 180 degrees from anatomical position?

  Yes, they are crossed.  The radius crosses over the ulna

• What are the different groups of vertebrae of the spine, and what are their abbreviations?

  Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
  C1-C7; T1-T12; L1-L5;S1-S5

• What are haversian canals and what do they contain?

  Haversian canals are central channels containing nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics of the bone

• What is osteoporosis? Why does it occur more often in women?

  Osteoporosis is a reduction in the quantity of bone, causing brittle bones, loss of elasticity and easier fractures. It occurs more often in women because bone health is linked to estrogen, and especially in women after 50, the levels of estrogen drop rapidly.

• How can osteoporosis can be treated?

  It can be treated by the use of medication that supplement ion loss and increase bone strength, or hormone supplements

• Where is the sternum located?

  It is located at the anterior aspect of the thorax