Disease of the immune system - Hypersensitivity: immunologically mediated tissue injury
15 important questions on Disease of the immune system - Hypersensitivity: immunologically mediated tissue injury
WHat are the causes of hypersensivity reaction?
- Autoimmunity: reactions against self antigens
- Reactions against microbes --> excessive reaction, or the microbial antigen is unusually persistent
- Reactions against environmental antigens
What type of hypersensivity reaction is an allergy?
What is characteristic for type IV hypersensitivity
TB
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In type I hypersensitivity (allergy), the mast cell is activated and releases mediators which causes this hypersensitivity reaction. What is an important step for the activation of the mast cell?
What are the characterisations of the immediate reaction in type I hypersensitivity?
What are the characterisations of the late-phase reaction in type I hypersensitivity?
Hoe werkt het type 2 hypersensitiviteit mechanisme?
- Veel productie van IgG en IgM
- Binden aan een orgaan of weefsel = dus een lokale reactie = dus een gebonden antigen
- Leidt tot fagocytose door activatie van het complement systeem
- Leidt tot lysis door activatie van het complement systeem.
- Leidt tot aantrekking van leukocyten (Fc receptor)door het complement systeem.
Gevolgen:
Lysis en fagocytose van de cel
Inflammation
What is Antibody-Mediated Disease (Type II Hypersensitivity)?
Antibody-mediated (type II) hypersensitivity disorders are caused by antibodies directed against target antigens on the surface of cells or other tissue components. Antibodies cause disease by targeting cells for phagocytosis, activating the complement system, or interfering with normal cellular functions
e.g. Graves’ disease, Pemphigus vulgaris
Welke ziekten horen bij type 2 hypersensitiviteit?
- Ziekte van Graves waarbij sprake is van 'antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction'. Antibodies binden dan aan receptoren van normale thyroid cellen en zorgen ervoor dat ze meer actief worden. (stimuleren van een receptor)
- Die ziekte van Myasthenia Graves. De oogleden gaan hangen omdat de antibodies binden aan receptoren voor Ach bij de muscle cellen. (blokkeren van receptor) (deze mensen hebben vaak ook een vergroten thymus).
- Pemphigus vulgaris: er worden antibodies gemaakt tegen epidermal intercellular adhesiemoleculen desmoglein 3.
What causes Immune Complex–Mediated Diseases (Type III Hypersensitivity)
Antigen-antibody complexes that are formed in the circulation may deposit in blood vessels, leading to complement activation and acute inflammation.
e.g. SLE, Acute glomerulonephritis
Name the steps in Systemic Immune Complex Disease
- Formation of Immune Complexes. An immune response triggered that result in the formation of antibodies. These antibodies form an antibody-antigen complex with the circulating antigen
- circulating antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in various tissues
- Inflammation and Tissue Injury
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a Immune Complex–Mediated Diseases. Which antigens are involved and what is the Clinicopathologic manifestation?
Nephritis, arthritis, vasculitis
Acute glomerulonephritis is a Immune Complex–Mediated Diseases. Which antigens are involved and what is the Clinicopathologic manifestation
Clinical: Glomerulonephritis
What causes delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)?
- Th1 produces IFN-gamma or TNF which result in macrophage activation and inflammation
- Th17 produces IL-17, IL-22 and induces inflammation and tissue damage
Welke ziekten horen bij type 3 hypersensitiviteit? (4)
Deze worden vaak gezien in nieren, joints en vessels elswhere. En zal op een gegeven moment door heel je lichaam gaan. -> je krijgt dan nephritis, arthritis, vasculitis.
- Na een streptoccal infection -> gaan in je nieren zitten. -> je krijt dan dus glomerulonephritis.
- Reactive arthritis
- Arthus reaction -> cutaneous vasculitis
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