Neoplasia - Hallmarks of cancer

8 important questions on Neoplasia - Hallmarks of cancer

RAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human tumors? How does this muntation leads to a tumor?

Because of a mutation, RAS is constantly expressed, this alters the expression of genes that regulate growth

What is the function of the Rb protein? And how can this tumor supressor gene cause cancer?


To regulate the G1/S checkpoint.
If pRb is inactivated, there is no checkpoint control and causes uncontrolled cell division and accumulation of DNA damages

Name an oncogenic virus that alters the function of Rb

HPV
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In normal situations, what is te functon of p53

It causes cell arrest that can lead to
  1. Senescence
  2. DNA repair
  3. induction of cell death (apoptosis/autophagy)

Name a common mechanism of inactivation of tumor suppressor gene, which does not occur is p53

DNA methylation

What is the function of telomerase?

It is a RNA-enzyme complex that prevents telomeric shortening in (some) cells

What is Angiogenesis in tumors

Chaotic organization of newly formed blood vessels in tumor

How can tumor cell avoid immune destruction?

In normal situations, the APC presents the tumor antigen to CD8+ T cell, after this activation CTL migrate towards the tumor and kills it.
However, if the tumor can avoid immune destruction, it can cause the expression of another peptide/ligand on APC or CTL. This causes that the CTL doesn't recognise the tumor peptide and doesn't induce killing of the tumor (cells)

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