Water - economics
11 important questions on Water - economics
What are three characteristics of environmental resources (lakes, forests, atmosphere..)?
- Were public goods (non-rival, non-exclusive) in the past, when population pressure was (very) low
- Are no longer public goods when use by one person starts to affect utility of others --> rivalry and externalities arise
- Common pool resource: are rival and non-exclusive
What are the causes of degradation according to Loess Plateau?
- Cutting of trees and vegatation
- Crops planting on steep slopes
- Free roaming of goats and sheep
Typical example of degradation of the commons caused by open access/non-excludability and increased rivalry in consumption
What are the four types of property rights?
- Private property
- State property
- Common property (local social groups have authority over their use and access)
- Open access
Note:
- First three have potential to exclude outsiders from access
- Private property does not need to be the best regime for protecting (common pool) natural resources
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What are coastal livelihoods?
What is a coastal zone?
What are global trends and coastal context?
- Live fish trade, commercial fishing, plunder economies
- cyanide fishing
- blast fishing
- seining use of gasoline
What are some coastal livelihood strategies?
- Fishing strategies - modified in times of depletion and declining catches
- Seasonal farm work and fishing 'on the side'- outward mobility in times of depletion and declining catches : mobility= the capability of moving between different livelihood strategies
- Other 'sidelines' - supplementary income to fishing
- Diversification within the household
- Remittance economy
What are six characteristics of tourism as a livelihood strategy?
- Often portrayed as an alternative for extraction activities as a way of sustaining livelihoods
- Benefits tourism: additional employment, increased market for fish
- Foreigners purchase and develop coastal land. Locations are extremely expensive... feeding the belief that the benefits are for the rich and powerful
- Jobs in tourist industry are supplementary to livelihoods, not alternatives
- Costs and benefits of tourism are distributed along lines of ethnicity, gender and class
- Tourism often in enclaves > resorts etc. > 'cultural interaction' becomes neo-colonial
What are the social complexities?
So: livelihoods as a result of the interplay of social, political, cultural and economic dynamics
Fabinyi et al (2010) also point at the importance of taking social relations into account, using (qualitative) ethnographic methods
What is ethnography fieldwork>
What are the top-down coastal resource management programmes?
Raising efficiency might deplete resource stocks •
Modernisation programmes are not in tune with local adaptive strategies •
Approaching fishing as full-time occupation does not take into account livelihood diversity
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