Summary: Samenleven En De Sociale Mens

Read the summary and the most important questions on Samenleven en de sociale mens

• 1 Week 1 het sociale individu

• 1.1.4 The role of social vigilance for motivation (CP)

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• Relevance of facial expressions

  
  
  
  

  • Attention to facial expressions can promote survival: attachment, threat detection
    
  • Darwin’s hypothesis (1872): innate and universal, linked to human emotions
    
  • Ekman’s six basic emotions: fear, anger, sadness, disgust, happiness and surprise
    
  • Cross-cultural evidence for universality (Ekman, 1999; Izard, 1994; )
    

• Fearful and angry facial expressions

  
  

  • Fearful: indicating presence of threat different from the expresser
    
  • Angry: expresser is a direct threat to the observer
    

  
  
  
  Neural processing of threat-related fearful and angry stimuli can rely more on subcortical structures than processing of other facial expressions.

• Amgdala lesion – patient S.M.

  
  

  • Near complete bilateral amgydala lesion – Urbach-Wiethe disease
    
  • Impairment to recognize fearful faces
    
  • Impairment to draw fearful faces
    

• 1.1.5 Motivatie en reward (CP)

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• NAcc stimulation increases lever-pressing

  
  

  • Electrode implanted in different brain regions
    
  • Small current applied when animal presses a lever 

  • Self-stimulation of nucleus accumbens (NAcc)
  increases lever pressing
  Nacc pleasure center of the brain?
   ‘Dopamine pleasure’ hypothesis (Wise, 1980)

• Dopamine is key for wanting not liking (Berridge, 1996)

  
  
  
  

  • Dopamine depletion in animals or Parkinson’s patients does not reduce hedonic reactions to receipt of reward.
    
  • L-DOPA, a dopamine precursor used in treatment of Parkinson’s disease, increases compulsive motivations but not pleasure.
    
  • Deep-brain stimulation of NAcc produces motivation to perform certain activities but no report of pleasure.
    

• Liking and pleasure mediated by opioid system

  
  
  
  

  • Assessment of pleasure: hedonic reactions.
    
  • Opiod but not dopamine receptor stimulation in NAcc, ventral pallidum (brainstem), orbitofrontal cortex and insula increases liking reactions.
    
  • Ventral pallidum lesions but not dopaminergic areas causes loss of liking and induces disgust reactions (for review see Berridge et al., 2015).
    

• Dopamine as reward prediction error

  PE= actual - expected reward
  New good award is a hit
  When the expectation and the reward is the same, it's 0
  If the reward is disappointing, there is no rewarding feeling
  
  Dopamine is key in reward learning

• Why are social stimuli rewarding?

  
  
  
  Two main (non-exclusive) hypotheses:
  

  1. Social stimuli acquire their reward value from pairing with primary rewards.
     
  2. Social stimuli are intrinsically/innately rewarding
     

• 1.2.3 The building blocks of social competence: Contributions of the Consortium of Individual Developmen

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• Junge: Vijf vaardigheden die dienen als mogelijke indicatoren bij het representeren van de (potentieel voor) sociale competentie van kinderen

  1. Social encoding
  2. Social problem solving
  3. Emotion regulation
  4. Communication
  5. Empathy

• 2 Week 2

• 2.1.3 Emotie en empathie – De neurobiologie (CP)

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• Autonome zenuwstelsel (ANS)

  Aanpassen aan de situatie
  Parasympathisch
  ‘Rest and digest’
  Sympathisch
  ‘Fight or flight’
  Grotendeels automatisch aangestuurd vanuit de hersenstam
  Je kan het zelf ook aanzetten, maar het is lastig om het uit te zetten