(Main Lecture): Specific phobia
48 important questions on (Main Lecture): Specific phobia
What are some of the criteria for diagnosing Specific Phobia according to DSM-5?
- Immediate fear/anxiety when exposed
- Avoidance or intense fear/anxiety when enduring
- Symptoms lasting more than 6 months
- Clinically significant distress or impairment
What distinguishes Panic Disorder from Specific Phobia in terms of triggers?
- Specific Phobia has a very clear trigger
How does Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) differ from Specific Phobia in response triggers?
- Phobia triggers are directly related to the feared object/stimulus
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What is the average number of phobias individuals usually have?
What percentage of treatment seekers have Specific Phobia as a primary diagnosis?
How do Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) obsessions differ from thoughts in Specific Phobia?
What characteristic differentiates the negative thoughts between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Specific Phobia?
What are the subtypes of Specific Phobia according to the DSM-5?
- Natural Environment
- Blood-Injection-Injury
- Animal
- Other
How long must symptoms last to be diagnosed with Specific Phobia?
How can specific phobias develop?
- Indirect experiences (e.g., watching others act fearful)
- Negative information (e.g., hearing about plane crashes)
What is classical conditioning's role in developing specific phobias?
According to the preparedness theory, why are certain fears more common?
- Genetic predisposition due to survival benefits
How can vicarious learning contribute to the development of specific phobias?
- Receiving negative information (e.g., about plane crashes)
Explain the difference in fear acquisition and extinction for some stimuli.
- Fear extinction is harder for evolutionary advantageous stimuli
What type of fears are humans predisposed to acquire according to the preparedness theory?
- Fears of objects different from humans
How did fears of certain stimuli like snakes and spiders aid in human survival?
- Genes of scared individuals were passed on
Why is it harder to extinguish fear of evolutionary advantageous stimuli?
- Fear-related to survival is difficult to eliminate
What is the impact of receiving negative information on fear development?
- Examples include fear of sharks after hearing about Jaws
How can watching others experience fear contribute to developing specific phobias?
- Fear is learned through observation
Describe the role of direct aversive experiences in the development of specific phobias.
- Example: being trapped in an elevator causing panic
Why did Zara but not Emily develop a dog phobia despite Emily being bitten?
- LATENT INHIBITION: Prior experiences delay fear acquisition, protecting from irrelevant associations.
What factor during the attack influenced the likelihood of developing a phobia?
Explain why prior trauma can make a person more susceptible to developing a phobia.
- REEVALUATION: Post-event information influences how one associates with conditioned stimulus.
- MENTAL REHEARSAL: Rumination strengthens memory, contributing to phobia development.
What can influence how easily someone acquires a phobia?
What role does the level of perceived control play in the development of a phobia?
What impact does mental rehearsal have on the development of a phobia?
How can prior trauma affect one's susceptibility to phobias?
What is latent inhibition and how does it relate to fear acquisition?
How does the level of perceived control affect responses to traumatic events?
How is specific phobia maintained?
- Decrease anxiety through avoidance
- Reinforces avoidance behavior
- Fear does not go away due to assumptions correction
What is the most effective treatment for specific phobia?
- Confront feared object in real life
- Learn object of fear is not as scary
How is specific phobia initiated according to Mowrer’s two-stage model?
Why is cognitive therapy not as effective in treating specific phobia?
- Need behavioral aspect to show opposite of fear
- Cognitions often modified via exposure
Why is medical treatment not preferred for treating specific phobia?
- No unlearning of fear associations
- Side-effects need to be considered
How can avoidance behavior be reinforced in specific phobia?
- Anxious feeling goes away when avoiding
What does the maintenance of a specific phobia involve according to operant conditioning?
- Avoidance reduces anxiety, seen as reward
What processes related to information processing bias might contribute to maintaining specific phobia?
- Being alert and scanning for feared object
How can attention play a role in maintaining specific phobia?
- Maintains fear, increases likelihood of finding feared object
In what way does interpretation contribute to maintaining specific phobia?
- E.g., interpreting an energetic dog as a dangerous one
How does covariation influence the maintenance of specific phobia?
- Phobia results in expecting feared outcome much more often than it happens
What is a key aspect of confronting feared objects in exposure in vivo therapy for specific phobia?
Why do people with phobia not experience a decrease in fear over time?
- Anxiety can decrease with exposure during treatment.
What effect does more exposure have on the fear peak in people with phobia?
What is shown by the graph regarding predictions versus actual experiences of anxiety over time?
- Anxiety decreases over time after exposure.
What is the goal of exposure therapy for phobias, according to the note provided?
In Craske's model, what approach does she use in exposure in vivo compared to the traditional method?
- Not hierarchical exposure
What practical factors should be considered to motivate individuals during exposure in vivo according to Craske?
- Incorporate psychoeducation
- Use a hierarchy
- Include rehearsal
What did Craske suggest therapists should focus on instead of reducing fear levels in exposure in vivo therapy?
- Enhance inhibitory learning through repetition and variation
- Emphasize fear toleration
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