(Main lecture): Post-traumatic stress disorder
33 important questions on (Main lecture): Post-traumatic stress disorder
What are the consequences of trauma according to the note on PTSD?
- Dissociation is a natural response to trauma.
- Often associated with avoidance behaviors.
What can childhood trauma lead to in terms of brain function and life experiences?
- Results in less impulse control.
- Makes it harder to discern safe from unsafe people.
What category does PTSD fall under according to the DSM-5?
- Not categorized as an anxiety disorder.
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What are the possible symptoms of psychotrauma as shown in the diagram?
- Re-experiencing, over-arousal, change of personality.
- Depression, substance misuse, somatization.
- Compulsions, anxiety.
What role does biology play with trauma?
- Affects prolonged trauma experiences.
- Influences trauma during youth.
What are the key features of PTSD according to the provided material?
- Re-experiences such as nightmares and flashbacks
- Avoidance behaviors
- Negative alterations in cognitions and mood
- Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity
What distinguishes A-criteria trauma events from non-A-criteria events in relation to PTSD?
- Non-A-criteria events are typically associated with cognitive rumination; schema-focused therapy and cognitive techniques.
What is the prevalence of PTSD in children, and how does it differ between genders and in different situations?
- Rates differ among at-risk children and are higher when the trauma is more severe or personal.
- Girls are more susceptible to developing PTSD due to being more at-risk for personalized crimes.
How does EMDR therapy work in treating trauma?
- Focuses on worst moment of trauma
- Uses bilateral eye movements
- Keeps executive functioning busy
Does trauma always lead to PTSD, and what are the implications of repeated trauma in childhood?
- Repeated trauma in childhood can increase the risk of various disorders.
What insights can be drawn from the first graph regarding the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in different countries?
- Rates range from below 1% to over 9%, with Canada having the highest rate.
How is treatment for children with PTSD different from adults?
- Making a book out of it
- Involves drawings by another person
What does the second graph illustrate about the patterns of PTSD symptoms over time?
- Symptom levels and duration vary widely among individuals.
How does trauma experienced after activating the visuospatial sketchpad impact the development of trauma?
- Brain reaction varies
Why does verbal abuse not typically get defined as trauma according to the information?
- Different reaction compared to physical violence
What is necessary for the brain to develop trauma according to the information provided?
- Seen in physical violence situations
In EMDR therapy, how does the process of associating with what comes up work?
- Bilateral eye movements after
What is the emotional processing theory's concept of a trauma memory?
- It is generalized to many stimuli in relation to danger perception in PTSD.
How can the fear structure in PTSD be altered according to the theory?
- Introduce new corrective information that challenges harm expectancy.
What are the types of trauma based on duration and cause?
- Type II-Trauma (Long-Term): Floods, earthquakes
- Interpersonal Trauma (Man-Made): Sexual attacks, rape, mugging, knife attacks
What is noted about the nature of memory in relation to truth?
- Each reconsolidated memory feels like the "true" version.
How can one change the meaning of a trigger in PTSD treatment?
- This process is sometimes facilitated by drugs.
What does the diagram depict regarding trauma memory?
What are some main disturbed cognitions in PTSD that therapists aim to address?
- Feeling weak because of trauma/symptoms
Why is avoidance of the traumatic memory common in individuals with PTSD?
- Avoid thinking about trauma
- Fear of shattered worldview and trust issues
What is the primary choice for treating PTSD?
- Includes EMDR and exposure therapy (in vivo and imaginal)
How often does PTSD occur after nature catastrophes like fires as per the provided information?
What is the purpose of exposure therapy in treating PTSD?
- Reduce avoidance behaviors
- Change harmful expectancies through exposure
What is the percentage range for the occurrence of PTSD after being a witness of accidents or crimes?
What type of cognitive information is provided during PTSD treatment to change harmful expectancies?
- Examples: "I can manage my memories", "I am not going crazy"
Why is exposure to avoided stimuli important in PTSD treatment?
- To face fears and traumatic memories directly
Which protective factors are identified for reducing PTSD/ASD risks?
- Coping self-efficacy
- Social support
- Early effective intervention
How does prolonged exposure therapy help individuals with PTSD?
- Focuses on sensory details and fear-inducing moments
- Facilitates changing harmful cognitive expectancies
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