Gastrulation, neurulation and the human central nervous system

7 important questions on Gastrulation, neurulation and the human central nervous system

From which membranes are the mouth and anus region developed?

Dimpled in the cranial and caudal end will form the oropharyngeal membrane and the cloacal membrane, which later develops into the mouth region and anus region.

What is the first step in creating the three primary germ layers?

The replacement of hypoblast by epiblast to form definitive endoderm.

What causes induction of ectoderm to become neuroectoderm?

Notochord, which is mesodermal in nature, releases a gradient of morphogens.
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What are the four major stages of (human) neurulation?

  1. Transformation of the general ectoderm into a thickened neural plate, induced by the underlying notochord.
  2. shaping the plate so that is becomes longer and narrower; the cranial end is thicker because the brain will be formed here.
  3. lateral folding of the neural plate
  4. fusion of the two most apical surfaces of the neural folds.

In which region are dopaminergic regions growing?

The substantia nigra

To what structures gives the metencephalon rise?

  • Rhombic lip --> develops into cerebellum
  • Alar plate --> develops into 4 sensory tracts
    • pontine nuclei - cerebellar input
    • somatic afferent - general sensation
    • special visceral afferent - taste
    • general visceral afferent
  • Basal plate --> develops into 3 motor tracts
    • general visceral efferent - salivary glands
    • special visceral efferent - muscles of the face
    • somatic efferent - muscle of the eye

For what is the myelencephalon responsive?

The formation of the medulla: reflex center of involuntary activities.

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